文明史話，古希臘：源起（01）
文明史話，古希臘01：源起--米諾斯文明，邁錫尼文明和希臘黑暗時(shí)代
The History of Civilization, Ancient Greece 01: Origins - Minoan Civilization, Mycenaean Civilization, and the Greek Dark Ages
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大家好我是小田。從本期視頻開始我會通過一季視頻來聊一聊古希臘。并且我想搞清楚一個(gè)問題：古希臘為什么是古希臘。
Hi, I'm Tian. Starting with this video I will talk about ancient Greece through a season of videos. And I want to figure out why ancient Greece is ancient Greece.
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古希臘歷史以大約公元前八百年為界可以分成兩個(gè)階段，我稱其為“前希臘文明時(shí)期”和“希臘文明時(shí)期”。前希臘文明時(shí)期包括希臘文明的兩個(gè)前身，米諾斯文明，邁錫尼文明和希臘黑暗時(shí)代這樣三個(gè)部分；希臘文明時(shí)期包括古風(fēng)時(shí)期，古典時(shí)期和希臘化時(shí)期這樣三個(gè)部分。
The history of ancient Greece can be divided into two periods, which I call the "Pre-Greek Civilization Period" and the "Greek Civilization Period". The Pre-Greek civilization period includes the two predecessors of Greek civilization, the Minoan civilization, the Mycenaean civilization, and the Greek Dark Ages; the Greek civilization period includes the Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods.
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今天咱們就來聊一聊古希臘的源起，也就是前希臘文明時(shí)期的內(nèi)容：古希臘地區(qū)，古希臘人，米諾斯文明，邁錫尼文明和希臘黑暗時(shí)代。
Today we will talk about the origins of ancient Greece, the Pre-Greek civilization period: the ancient Greek region, the ancient Greeks, the Minoan civilization, the Mycenaean civilization, and the Greek Dark Ages.
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古希臘的源起這部分內(nèi)容很多，線索又非常亂，并且這里面還充斥著各種假說，不過其中的難點(diǎn)在于如何認(rèn)識這些事件以及它們之間的關(guān)系。
The content of the origins of ancient Greece is many and the clues are very messy, and it is full of hypotheses, but the difficulty lies in how to understand these events and the relationship between them.
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在這期視頻當(dāng)中我以文化系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和演化邏輯為切入點(diǎn)，將前希臘文明時(shí)期這部分內(nèi)容的線索仔細(xì)梳理了一遍并且整理出了一個(gè)基本可行的框架。從這個(gè)框架當(dāng)中我們不僅可以對希臘古風(fēng)時(shí)期之前的歷史有一個(gè)大概的了解，并且還可以知道希臘文明在東地中海地區(qū)的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)，以及很多文學(xué)，語言學(xué)，歷史學(xué)和考古學(xué)的內(nèi)容，非常豐富。為了方便大家學(xué)習(xí)，我已經(jīng)把重要的事件做成了表格。
In this video, I take the structure and evolutionary logic of cultural systems as a starting point and go through the threads of pre-Greek civilization and draw up a basic workable framework. From this framework, we can not only get an overview of the history of Greece before the Archaic period but also the development of Greek civilization in the Eastern Mediterranean region, as well as many literary, linguistic, historical, and archaeological aspects, which are very rich. For your convenience, I have made a table of important events.
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了解一個(gè)文明的第一步就是找到其源頭。知道了它從哪里來的，也就知道了它要到哪里去。
The first step in understanding a civilization is to find its origins. By knowing where it came from, we also know where it is going.
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我覺得不論做什么，基礎(chǔ)很重要。就如同數(shù)學(xué)家希爾伯特所說，“我們必須知道。我們必將知道”。
I think that whatever I do, the basics are important. As the mathematician David Hilbert said, "We must know. We shall know".
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首先我們來了解一下古希臘地區(qū)。
First, let's learn about the region of ancient Greece.
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古希臘地區(qū)
Region of Ancient Greece
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古希臘地區(qū)位于地中海東部。其范圍包括了今天巴爾干半島南部的希臘大陸，克里特島，愛琴海和黑海的沿岸地區(qū)以及眾多的島嶼。希臘地區(qū)，埃及地區(qū)以及包括美索不達(dá)米亞和安納托利亞在內(nèi)的西亞地區(qū)這三部分在東地中海形成了一個(gè)范圍廣大的文化圈。
The region of ancient Greece was located in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. It included the Greek mainland in the southern part of the present-day Balkans, Crete, the coastal areas of the Aegean and Black Seas, and numerous islands. The Greek region, the Egyptian region, and the West Asian region, including Mesopotamia and Anatolia, form a vast cultural sphere in the Eastern Mediterranean.
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這里說明一下。古希臘的區(qū)域劃分摻雜了部落，戰(zhàn)爭，神話與傳說等因素，并沒有一個(gè)明確的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。因此為了方便表述，我對于古希臘地區(qū)的劃分部分參考了今天希臘這個(gè)國家的行政區(qū)劃。
Here is a clarification. The division of ancient Greek regions was mixed with tribes, wars, myths, legends, etc. There is no clear standard. Therefore, for the sake of presentation, I have partially referred to the administrative divisions of the country of Greece today for the division of the regions of ancient Greece.
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希臘本土是由一個(gè)多山的半島大陸和兩個(gè)較小的半島組成的，大陸約80%是山地和丘陵，陸地被山川河流所分割，十分破碎。希臘大陸三面環(huán)海，海岸線很長。它的東面是愛琴海，西面是愛奧尼亞海，克里特島以南為利比亞海。
The Greek mainland is composed of a mountainous peninsula continent and two smaller peninsulas. The continent is about 80% mountainous and hilly, and the land is fragmented by mountains and rivers. The Greek mainland is surrounded by sea on three sides and has a long coastline. It is surrounded to the east by the Aegean Sea, to the west by the Ionian Sea, and to the south of Crete by the Libyan Sea.
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希臘大陸的東北部是色雷斯，其西部和馬其頓接壤。色雷斯最早被希臘人用來指代色雷斯的部落，他們在《伊利亞特》中作為特洛伊盟友出現(xiàn)。這里曾出現(xiàn)過很多著名的人物，希臘神話中的俄耳甫斯，哲學(xué)家普羅泰戈拉和德謨克里特，羅馬帝國將軍李錫尼（或李錫尼烏斯）以及領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了奴隸起義的領(lǐng)袖斯巴達(dá)克斯都是色雷斯人。
The northeastern part of mainland Greece is Thrace, which is bordered by Macedonia to the west. The word Thrace was first used by the Greeks to refer to the Thracian tribes, who appear in the Iliad as Trojan allies. Many famous figures, Orpheus in Greek mythology, Protagoras and Democritus the philosophers, Licinius, the general of the Roman Empire, and Spartacus, the leader of the slave revolt, were all Thracians.
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色雷斯西邊是培奧尼亞和伊利里亞，這三個(gè)地區(qū)的南部為馬其頓。亞歷山大大帝和馬其頓王國就是從這里崛起的。
To the west of Thrace are Paeonia and Illyria, and to the south of these three regions is Macedon. It was from here that Alexander the Great and the Macedonian kingdom rises.
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馬其頓在希臘世界當(dāng)中比較特殊，它的情況非常復(fù)雜。這里我要多說幾句。
Here, I would like to introduce Macedonia. It is very special and complex in the Greek world.
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我們對于馬其頓可以有這樣一個(gè)印象，后來居上的“邊緣人”。馬其頓在相當(dāng)長的時(shí)期里要么沒有存在感，要么不受希臘人待見。然而就是這樣一個(gè)“小角色”卻在公元前四世紀(jì)從北方崛起，統(tǒng)一了希臘世界，并對希臘文明影響深遠(yuǎn)。
We can have an impression of Macedonia as a "fringe figure" who later rose to become the leader of Greece. Macedonia was either ignored or disliked by the Greeks for a considerable period. Yet it was such a small kingdom that rose from the north in the fourth century B.C., unified the Greek world, and had a profound impact on Greek civilization.
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首先，馬其頓是一個(gè)處于希臘世界北方的邊緣地區(qū)，有說法稱馬其頓原本是色雷斯的一部分。公元前四世紀(jì)之前希臘世界里幾乎就沒有馬其頓的戲份，甚至在希臘文學(xué)當(dāng)中馬其頓也很少被提及。
First, Macedonia was a region on the northern edge of the Greek world, and there are claims that Macedonia was originally part of Thrace. Macedonia was almost absent from the Greek world before the fourth century B.C., and it is rarely mentioned even in Greek literature.
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希臘神話當(dāng)中涉及馬其頓的內(nèi)容并不多。只提到過宙斯和丟卡利翁的女兒蒂亞有兩個(gè)兒子，一個(gè)叫馬格內(nèi)斯，另一個(gè)名叫馬其頓（或“馬卡頓”）。這個(gè)馬其頓可能就是馬其頓人的祖先。
There are few references to Macedonia in Greek mythology. It is only mentioned that Zeus and Thyia, daughter of Deucalion, had two sons, one named Magnes and the other Macedon (or Makedon). This Macedon may be the ancestor of the Macedonians.
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另外，在荷馬的“船表”當(dāng)中沒有提到馬其頓人的隊(duì)伍。荷馬在《伊利亞特》中詳細(xì)記錄了遠(yuǎn)征特洛伊的希臘聯(lián)軍的每一支船隊(duì)，它們來自希臘各地。這個(gè)記錄船隊(duì)的列表就被稱為“船表”。特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭我會在之后的視頻講到，這是希臘文學(xué)當(dāng)中規(guī)模最大的一次軍事集結(jié)。希臘各地有船的出船，有人的出人，并且《伊利亞特》當(dāng)中提到的大多數(shù)地方都已經(jīng)被確認(rèn)。荷馬在《伊利亞特》中將希臘人稱為亞該亞人，這個(gè)我們后面會講到。
In addition, the Macedonian contingent is absent in Homer's "Catalogue of Ships". In the Iliad, Homer keeps a detailed record of every fleet of ships of the united armies that marched to Troy, they came from all over Greece, and this list of fleets is called a "Catalogue of Ships". The Trojan War, which I will talk about in the future, was the largest military operation in Greek literature. Contingents or fleets were sent from various Greek cities. Most of the places mentioned in the Iliad have been identified. Homer refers to the Greeks as Achaeans in the Iliad, which we will talk about later.
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其次，關(guān)于馬其頓的記載大多來自于馬其頓之外的地方，他們自己并沒有留下多少信息。希臘對于馬其頓的記載主要是關(guān)于馬其頓的統(tǒng)治者，軍事以及政治方面的內(nèi)容；而關(guān)于馬其頓本身的記載非常零散，其中不乏有很多充滿敵意的內(nèi)容。
Second, most of the information about the Macedonians comes from outside Macedonia, and not much information has survived from them themselves. Greek records of the Macedonians are mainly about Macedonian rulers, military and political; the records of Macedonia itself are very fragmentary and contain many hostile references.
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馬其頓人的制度和文化與希臘人有所不同，況且在希臘波斯戰(zhàn)爭當(dāng)中馬其頓曾屬于波斯一方。羅馬對于馬其頓的記載有很重要一部分來自于羅馬帝國時(shí)期的學(xué)者阿里安。他寫作了一部記述亞歷山大東征的書叫做《亞歷山大遠(yuǎn)征記》，這里面還包括了《印度記》。這本書被認(rèn)為是關(guān)于亞歷山大大帝遠(yuǎn)征的最佳資料。但這本書有一個(gè)問題就在于太“就事論事”了，除了打仗啥也沒有。這本書對亞歷山大登基前的生活只字未提，也沒有對亞歷山大統(tǒng)治期間的希臘世界進(jìn)行任何描寫，只是純粹的記錄了他的征戰(zhàn)過程。其他的歷史著作也鮮有對于馬其頓社會的相關(guān)記載，這就造成了后世對于馬其頓的印象很片面。
The Macedonian system and culture were different from those of the Greeks, and Macedonia was on the Persian side during the Greco-Persian Wars. An important part of the Roman account of the Macedonians comes from Arrian, a scholar during the Roman Empire. He wrote an account of Alexander's conquests called The Anabasis of Alexander, which also includes the Indica. This book is considered to be the best source for Alexander's campaigns. But one of the problems with this book is that it is too "battle-focused" and has nothing but combat. The book says nothing about Alexander's life before he accedes to the throne, nor does it give any description of the Greek world during Alexander's reign, but is purely a record of his campaigns. There are few accounts of Macedonian society in other historical works, which has contributed to the lack of knowledge of the Macedonians in later times.
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因此不論是古代的學(xué)者還是現(xiàn)代的學(xué)者都對古代馬其頓人的身份，尤其是在馬其頓人是否是希臘人這件事上持不同意見。
Therefore, both ancient and modern scholars disagree about the identity of the ancient Macedonians, especially about whether the Macedonians were Greeks or not.
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再者，在文化方面馬其頓受希臘世界影響頗深并在古典時(shí)期末期成為了希臘世界的文化高地。公元前五世紀(jì)后期的希臘世界由于內(nèi)戰(zhàn)而遭到重創(chuàng)。隨著雅典的衰落希臘世界的文化中心從雅典轉(zhuǎn)移到了馬其頓。包括文學(xué)，藝術(shù)，哲學(xué)，戲劇在內(nèi)的希臘傳統(tǒng)在馬其頓十分繁榮。并且馬其頓還吸引了很多的名人來到這里生活，比如著名的悲劇作家歐里庇德斯和亞歷山大大帝的老師亞里士多德。
Furthermore, Macedonia was heavily influenced by Greek culture and became the cultural highland of the Greek world at the end of Classical Greece. The Greek world in the late fifth century B.C. was devastated by civil war. With the fall of Athens, the cultural center of the Greek world shifted from Athens to Macedonia. Greek traditions, including literature, art, philosophy, and theater, flourished in Macedonia. The kingdom also attracted many famous people to live here, such as the famous tragedian Euripides and Aristotle, the teacher of Alexander the Great.
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最后，腓力二世和亞歷山大大帝的一系列軍事行動不僅征服了希臘本土并將其統(tǒng)一，還征服了波斯，埃及等地，馬其頓王國的疆域一直向東延申到了印度河流域。希臘文化也隨著希臘世界的擴(kuò)張而傳播到了整個(gè)歐亞大陸。
Finally, a series of military campaigns by Philip II and Alexander the Great conquered not only Greece, but also Persia and Egypt, and the Macedonian kingdom was stretched as far as the Indus Valley to the east. Greek culture also spread throughout Eurasia with the expansion of the Greek world.
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在這一點(diǎn)上，馬其頓和戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期的秦國有諸多相似之處。雖然這兩次統(tǒng)一進(jìn)程發(fā)生在歐亞大陸的東西兩端，但它們在時(shí)間上僅相差一個(gè)世紀(jì)左右。它們都位于一個(gè)文化系統(tǒng)的邊緣地帶，它們的崛起都得益于一系列成功的制度改革，它們的統(tǒng)一進(jìn)程都推動了這一地區(qū)的文明進(jìn)入了新的歷史時(shí)期，并且它們的文化成果和政治遺產(chǎn)都對這一地區(qū)之后的文明發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)影響。
In this respect, Macedonia has many similarities with the Qin state during the Warring States period. Although these two unification processes occurred at the eastern and western ends of the Eurasian continent, they were separated in time by only about a century. They are all located on the periphery of a cultural system, they all benefited from a series of successful institutional reforms in their rises, their unification processes propelled the civilization of this region into a new historical period, and their cultural achievements and political legacies have had a profound impact on the civilization's subsequent development.
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我們說回古希臘地區(qū)。
Let's go back to the ancient Greek region.
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哈爾基季基半島和馬其頓相連，形狀類似于一個(gè)有三根“手指”的手（我看著像爪子），亞里士多德就出生在半島上的斯塔基拉。他的父親尼科馬庫斯曾是馬其頓國王阿明塔斯三世的朋友和御醫(yī)。阿明塔斯三世是亞歷山大大帝的爺爺，亞里士多德后來能成為亞歷山大的老師可能就借了他爸的光。亞里士多德的兒子也叫尼科馬庫斯，他的兒子和他爸同名。亞里士多德的著作《尼各馬可倫理學(xué)》可能就是獻(xiàn)給他父親的，當(dāng)然也有可能是獻(xiàn)給他兒子的。2011年，斯塔基拉和臨近的幾個(gè)城市合并為了亞里士多德市。
The Chalkidiki peninsula, which is connected to Macedonia, resembles a hand with three "fingers" (looks like a claw to me), and Aristotle was born in Stagira on the peninsula. His father, Nicomachus, was the friend and royal physician of King Amyntas III of Macedonia. Amyntas III was the grandfather of Alexander the Great, and Aristotle may have been able to become Alexander's teacher thanks to his father. Aristotle's son was also named Nicomachus, and his father and his son shared the same name. Aristotle's work, Nicomachean Ethics, may have been dedicated to his father, or it may have been dedicated to his son. In 2011, Stagira and several neighboring cities merged to form the municipality of Aristotle.
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馬其頓的南部有兩個(gè)相鄰的地區(qū)，分別是西面的伊庇魯斯和東面的色薩利。前面我們提到，希臘大陸的大部分地區(qū)都是山區(qū)，品都斯山脈從西北至東南貫穿希臘大陸。這些高山主要位于希臘的中部和西部。伊庇魯斯就是一個(gè)崎嶇的山區(qū)，而色薩利是希臘神話當(dāng)中泰坦神族和奧林匹斯神族進(jìn)行泰坦戰(zhàn)爭的地方。著名的奧林匹斯山（奧林帕斯山，奧林波斯山）就位于色薩利和馬其頓的交界處，它是希臘的最高峰，高度2917米。在希臘神話當(dāng)中，奧林匹斯山是希臘眾神的故鄉(xiāng)。
There are two adjacent regions in the south of Macedonia, Epirus in the west and Thessaly in the east. As we mentioned earlier, most of mainland Greece is mountainous. The Pindus Mountains run from northwest to southeast through the Greek mainland. These high mountains are located mainly in the central and western parts of Greece. Epirus is a rugged mountainous region, and Thessaly is the place where the Titan gods and the Olympian gods fought the Titanomachy in Greek mythology. The famous Mount Olympus, located at the border of Thessaly and Macedonia, is the highest mountain in Greece at 2,917 meters. In Greek mythology, Mount Olympus is the home of the Greek gods and goddesses.
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伊庇魯斯和色薩利的南部是希臘中部地區(qū)，這里是希臘世界的核心地帶。這里發(fā)生的很多事件直接影響了希臘歷史的進(jìn)程。這里我們需要特別關(guān)注一個(gè)地方，位于希臘中部地區(qū)東南角的阿提卡。阿提卡的歷史和古希臘，尤其是和雅典的歷史密切相關(guān)。我們可以通過這樣幾個(gè)標(biāo)簽來記住它，馬拉松戰(zhàn)役，薩拉米斯海戰(zhàn)，銀礦，雅典和阿提卡方言。
South of Epirus and Thessaly is the region of Central Greece, which is the heart of the Greek world. Many of the events that took place here directly influenced the course of Greek history. Here we need to pay attention to a place, Attica, located in the southeast corner of central Greece. The history of Attica is tightly linked with that of ancient Greece, especially with that of Athens. We can remember it by such tags as the Battle of Marathon, the Battle of Salamis, the silver mines, Athens, and the Attica dialect.
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馬拉松戰(zhàn)役于公元前490年發(fā)生在阿提卡東北部的馬拉松平原。在這場戰(zhàn)斗當(dāng)中希臘軍隊(duì)擊敗了波斯軍隊(duì)，波斯從希臘撤軍，第一次希臘波斯戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束。根據(jù)傳說，一位名叫菲迪皮德斯的希臘士兵在戰(zhàn)斗結(jié)束之后跑步將戰(zhàn)斗勝利的消息從馬拉松帶到雅典，在他說出“我們贏了”之后便因疲勞而死。后來希臘人為了紀(jì)念他在1896年雅典的第一屆現(xiàn)代奧運(yùn)會上舉行了第一次馬拉松長跑，馬拉松從此成為奧運(yùn)會的固定項(xiàng)目并迅速在世界上流行開來。
The Battle of Marathon took place in 490 B.C. in the plain of Marathon in northeastern Attica. In this battle, the Greek army defeated the Persian army, which withdrew from Greece and ended the First Greco-Persian War. According to legend, a Greek soldier named Pheidippides ran after the battle to bring the news of the victory from Marathon to Athens and died of exhaustion after he said "We have won". The Greeks held the first marathon in honor of him at the first modern Olympic Games in Athens in 1896, and the marathon has since become a fixture at the Olympics and is rapidly gaining popularity around the world.
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現(xiàn)代馬拉松長跑（簡稱“全馬”）的距離為42.195公里，大約是40公里，這個(gè)距離差不多就是從馬拉松到雅典的距離。全馬目前的世界紀(jì)錄是2小時(shí)1分鐘。還有一個(gè)和菲迪皮德斯有關(guān)的賽事是斯巴達(dá)超級馬拉松（簡稱“超馬”），全程246公里，這大致是斯巴達(dá)到雅典的距離。超馬目前的世界記錄是20小時(shí)25分鐘。
The distance of the modern marathon is 42.195 kilometers, or about 40 kilometers, which is about the distance from Marathon to Athens. The current world record for the marathon is 2 hours and 1 minute. Another event related to Pheidippides is the Spartathlon, 246 km, which is approximately the distance from Sparta to Athens. The current world record for the Spartathlon is 20 hours and 25 minutes.
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在陸上從色薩利進(jìn)入希臘中部地區(qū)要經(jīng)過一咽喉要道，此地名曰溫泉關(guān)。溫泉關(guān)在今天希臘的弗西奧蒂斯州，這里地勢險(xiǎn)要，一面是高山，一面是大海。歷史上在溫泉關(guān)曾發(fā)生過數(shù)場戰(zhàn)斗，比較著名的有公元前480年第二次希臘波斯戰(zhàn)爭期間，希臘聯(lián)軍對抗波斯軍隊(duì)的溫泉關(guān)戰(zhàn)役，還有一次是在1941年第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期，英聯(lián)邦軍隊(duì)對抗德軍的溫泉關(guān)戰(zhàn)。這兩場戰(zhàn)斗的結(jié)果都差不多，守軍失利。
From Thessaly to central Greece by land, you have to pass through a key road called Thermopylae. The Thermopylae is located in Phthiotis, Greece today, which is surrounded by mountains on one side and the sea on the other. Several battles have been fought at Thermopylae, including the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC during the Second Greco-Persian War, when Greek forces fought against Persian forces, and the Battle of Thermopylae in 1941 during World War II when British Commonwealth forces fought against German forces. Both battles had a similar result, with the defenders losing.
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薩拉米斯海戰(zhàn)發(fā)生在溫泉關(guān)戰(zhàn)役之后。在溫泉關(guān)失守之后，波斯軍隊(duì)進(jìn)入希臘中部地區(qū)，希臘聯(lián)軍后撤。希臘的陸軍撤退到了科林斯地峽進(jìn)行布防，海軍則撤退到雅典附近薩龍灣內(nèi)的薩拉米斯島附近修整。兵力處于劣勢的希臘聯(lián)將波斯艦隊(duì)引誘至薩拉米斯島和希臘大陸之間狹窄的海峽之中。數(shù)量龐大的波斯艦隊(duì)在狹窄的水道當(dāng)中難以發(fā)揮優(yōu)，船只會因?yàn)殡y以操縱而隊(duì)形混亂。希臘艦隊(duì)抓住機(jī)會擊敗了波斯艦。這場海戰(zhàn)成為了整場希臘波斯戰(zhàn)爭當(dāng)中的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。
The Battle of Salamis took place after the Battle of Thermopylae. After the defeat of the Battle of Thermopylae, the Persian army entered central Greece and the Greek allies retreated. The Greek army retreated to the Isthmus of Corinth for defense, while the fleet withdrew to Salamis Island in the Saronic Gulf near Athens for repairs. The outnumbered Greek allies lured the Persian fleet into the narrow strait between the island of Salamis and the Greek mainland. The huge number of the Persian fleet was a hindrance in the narrow waterways, and the ships would become disorganized as they were struggling to maneuver. The Greek fleet seized the opportunity to defeat the Persian fleet. This battle became the turning point in the whole Greco-Persian War.
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位于阿提卡東南部的拉里昂是希臘重要的礦區(qū)，這里的礦床富含大量的銀，銅和鉛。從公元前六世紀(jì)后期開始，希臘人對這里進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)化的開采。白銀用于鑄造貨幣，這些貨幣為阿提卡的經(jīng)濟(jì)做出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。在公元前五世紀(jì)時(shí)，這里的銀礦已經(jīng)成為雅典重要的收入來源之一。
Lavrio, in southeastern Attica, is an important mining area in Greece, where deposits are rich in silver, copper, and lead. Systematic mining of the area by the Greeks began in the late sixth century BC. Silver was used to mint coins, and these coins made a significant contribution to the economy of Attica. By the fifth century B.C., the silver mines here had become one of Athens' important sources of revenue.
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雅典的興盛離不開經(jīng)濟(jì)的繁榮。正是拉里昂的白銀奠定了雅典的經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)，讓其有能力維持海軍的巨大開銷并使其最終戰(zhàn)勝了波斯人，后來又賦予了雅典在希臘世界巨大的影響力。
The prosperity of Athens could not be separated from its economy. It was the silver of Lavrio that laid the economic foundations of Athens, allowing it to pay the enormous expenses of the navy and eventually defeat the Persians, and later giving Athens greater influence in the Greek world.
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而拉里昂的銀礦在公元前四世紀(jì)至公元前三世紀(jì)之間枯竭了。近三百年來，拉里昂礦區(qū)為雅典及其盟友提供了數(shù)千噸高純度的銀，而這三百年大體上是與古典希臘時(shí)期和雅典的黃金時(shí)代相重合的。銀礦的枯竭和雅典的衰落也幾乎發(fā)生在同一時(shí)期。
However, the silver mines at Lavrio were running dry between the fourth and third centuries BCE. For nearly three hundred years, the mines of Lavrio provided Athens and its allies with thousands of tons of high-purity silver, and these three centuries roughly coincided with the Classical Greek period and the Golden Age of Athens. The depletion of the silver mines and the decline of Athens also occurred at almost the same time.
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關(guān)于雅典可以聊的東西就太多了。它是一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的城邦，又是希臘世界的文化中心，這里還是民主的發(fā)源地，雅典的帕特農(nóng)神廟是希臘的象征。關(guān)于雅典的內(nèi)容我們以后詳聊，今天就不多講了。而關(guān)于阿提卡方言和希臘語的內(nèi)容我會在視頻后面提到。
There are so many things to talk about in Athens. It was a powerful polis, the cultural center of the Greek world, the birthplace of democracy, and the Parthenon is the symbol of Greece. We'll talk more about Athens in the future. Instead, I will talk about the Attic dialect and the Greek language later in the video.
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在阿提卡旁邊的是一個(gè)狹長的島嶼，它是希臘第二大島嶼，優(yōu)卑亞島（今埃維亞島），尤里普斯海峽將其與希臘大陸隔開。
Next to Attica is a long and narrow island, the second largest in Greece, Euboea (modern Evia), which is separated from the Greek mainland by the Euripus Strait.
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接下來就到了希臘大陸的最南端，伯羅奔尼撒半島，這里的主要族群是多利安人。半島由科林斯地峽與中部地區(qū)相連。伯羅奔尼撒的名稱來源于古希臘神話當(dāng)中的英雄珀羅普斯，他是坦塔羅斯的兒子，阿特柔斯的父親。伯羅奔尼撒的意思是“珀羅普斯的島或者半島”。
Next comes the southernmost point of mainland Greece, the Peloponnese (or Peloponnesus, Peloponnesos), where the dominant ethnic group is the Dorians. The peninsula is connected to central Greece by the Isthmus of Corinth. The name Peloponnese comes from the Greek mythological hero Pelops, the son of Tantalus and father of Atreus. Peloponnese means "the island or peninsula of Pelops".
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伯羅奔尼撒半島在希臘歷史當(dāng)中具有重要地位。首先，這里誕生了希臘大陸的第一個(gè)文明，邁錫尼文明。在青銅時(shí)代，邁錫尼文明在邁錫尼、皮洛斯和梯林斯等地修建了宏偉的宮殿并通過這些宮殿統(tǒng)治了伯羅奔尼撒半島直至公元前十一世紀(jì)。關(guān)于邁錫尼文明我會在后面細(xì)講。
The Peloponnese has an important place in Greek history. I will present it in several ways. First, the first civilization of mainland Greece, the Mycenaean civilization, was born here. During the Bronze Age, the Mycenaean civilization built magnificent palaces in Mycenae, Pylos, and Tiryns and ruled the Peloponnese through these palaces until the eleventh century BCE. I will talk more about the Mycenaean civilization later.
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第二，軍事力量。伯羅奔尼撒半島擁有希臘世界主要的軍事力量，他們尤以陸軍見長。一些強(qiáng)大的城邦，如斯巴達(dá)，梯林斯，皮洛斯，阿爾戈斯和科林斯等，他們的陸軍參與了幾乎所有發(fā)生在希臘世界的戰(zhàn)爭，比如希臘波斯戰(zhàn)爭，伯羅奔尼撒戰(zhàn)爭，亞歷山大遠(yuǎn)征以及亞該亞戰(zhàn)爭等，并且以半島為中心組建的伯羅奔尼撒同盟和亞該亞同盟等城邦聯(lián)盟也是具有很強(qiáng)的軍事性質(zhì)的。如果你熟悉《戰(zhàn)錘40K》的世界觀，可以將其理解為一個(gè)征兵世界。
Second, military strength. The Peloponnese had the major military forces of the Greek world, and they were particularly noted for their land forces. Some powerful city-states, such as Sparta, Tiryns, Pylos, Argos, and Corinth, had their land forces involved in almost all the wars that took place in the Greek world, such as the Greco-Persian War, the Peloponnesian War, Alexander's expedition and the Achaean War, and city-state alliances such as the Peloponnesian League and the Achaean League, which were formed around the peninsula, had a strong military character. If you are familiar with the setting of Warhammer 40K, you can interpret it as a conscript world.
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第三，可能也是最重要的，伯羅奔尼撒代表了希臘文化當(dāng)中一種獨(dú)特的性格和精神，這種精神來自于這里獨(dú)特的武化傳統(tǒng)，主要是多利安人的武化傳統(tǒng)。
Thirdly, and perhaps most importantly, the Peloponnese represents a unique character and spirit in Greek culture, a spirit that comes from the unique martial tradition here, primarily that of the Dorians.
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武化與文化相對。如果說以雅典為代表的希臘中部地區(qū)代表了希臘世界文化，文明的一面，那么以斯巴達(dá)為代表的伯羅奔尼撒則代表了希臘世界武化，野蠻的一面。武化并不是尚武。武化是將武力作為價(jià)值體系的核心，最具有代表性的就是城邦斯巴達(dá)。如果你看過電影《斯巴達(dá)300勇士》，就會對驍勇善戰(zhàn)的斯巴達(dá)人印象深刻。有一句斯巴達(dá)的告別詞很著名，這是母親在送她們的兒子去打仗之前對他們說的話，“要么帶著你的盾牌回來，要么死在它上面”。
Martial as opposed to cultural. If central Greece, represented by Athens, represents the cultural and civilized side of the Greek world, then the Peloponnese, represented by Sparta, represents the martial and barbaric side of the Greek world. Martial is not warlike. Martial is the use of force as the core of a value system, the most representative of the city-state Sparta. If you have seen the movie "300", you will be impressed with the courageous Spartans. There is a famous Spartan valedictory phrase that mothers say to their sons before sending them off to war, "? tàn ? epì tas"("either with it or on it", return alive with your shield or dead upon it).
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多利安人是古希臘人的一個(gè)族群，但他們出現(xiàn)的時(shí)間很晚，并且他們的文化和氣質(zhì)和荷馬史詩當(dāng)中的希臘人（或者亞該亞人）以及和希臘世界里的其他族群有很大差異。一般認(rèn)為多利安人是在黑暗時(shí)代從北方山區(qū)，馬其頓或者伊庇魯斯一帶向南遷徙到伯羅奔尼撒等地區(qū)的，后來他們?nèi)谌肓讼ＥD世界。
The Dorians were a group of ancient Greeks, but they emerged very late and their culture and temperament differed greatly from the Greeks (or Achaeans) of Homer's epics and other groups in the Greek world. It is generally believed that the Dorians migrated southward from the northern mountainous regions, around Macedonia or Epirus, to areas such as the Peloponnese during the Dark Ages, and that they later integrated into the Greek world.
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雖然在古典時(shí)期多利安人和其他的希臘族群共享同一個(gè)文化系統(tǒng)，但他們在相當(dāng)程度上保持了他們自身的特質(zhì)。他們的語言，習(xí)俗和制度在希臘世界當(dāng)中很特殊，而且他們很看重自己的這些特質(zhì)，斯巴達(dá)人對于雅典人的那一套東西有很強(qiáng)的抵觸。
Although the Dorians shared the same cultural system with other Greek groups during the classical period, they maintained their traits to a considerable extent. Their language, customs, and institutions were unique in the Greek world, and they valued these traits in themselves, and the Spartans had a strong resistance to the things of the Athenians.
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雖然我們今天會將希臘人看作一個(gè)整體，但在希臘人內(nèi)部是有很豐富的細(xì)節(jié)的，其民族內(nèi)部不同族群之間的差異可能非常大。關(guān)于多利安人和斯巴達(dá)的內(nèi)容我會在后面講到。
Although we would look at the Greeks as a whole today, there were many details within the Greeks and the differences between the different groups within their nation could be very large. I will talk about the Dorians and Sparta later.
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如果我們把伯羅奔尼撒放到整個(gè)希臘歷史中來看的話，在很多時(shí)期里，這里即是起點(diǎn)，也是終點(diǎn)。希臘地區(qū)在歷史上曾經(jīng)數(shù)次被入侵或被外族所統(tǒng)治。每當(dāng)希臘中部地區(qū)丟失的時(shí)候，希臘人就會將伯羅奔尼撒作為自己最后的退路并在這里進(jìn)行抵抗。這里的抵抗最為持久，也最為堅(jiān)決，從這一點(diǎn)上來說，伯羅奔尼撒具有特殊的意義。
If we look at the Peloponnese in the context of the entire history of Greece, this is the starting point and the end point for many periods. The Greek region has been invaded or ruled by foreigners several times in history. Whenever central Greece was lost, the Greeks turned to the Peloponnese as their last retreat and resisted there. The resistance here was the longest and most determined, and in this respect, the Peloponnese has a special significance.
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在青銅時(shí)代，希臘大陸文明的曙光，邁錫尼文明就誕生在這里。而在希臘化時(shí)代的末期，當(dāng)羅馬人征服希臘的時(shí)候，伯羅奔尼撒對于羅馬的抵抗最為激烈，這里是最后被占領(lǐng)的地方。公元前二世紀(jì)，羅馬吞并希臘的最后一戰(zhàn)，科林斯戰(zhàn)役就發(fā)生在伯羅奔尼撒。這場戰(zhàn)爭非常慘烈，科林斯就和迦太基一樣被徹底摧毀，男人全部被殺死，婦女和兒童全部成為了奴隸。自此之后希臘進(jìn)入了其歷史當(dāng)中的羅馬統(tǒng)治時(shí)期，希臘成為了羅馬共和國，羅馬帝國和拜占庭帝國的一部分。
In the Bronze Age, the dawn of civilization in mainland Greece, the Mycenaean civilization was born here. And at the end of the Hellenistic period, when the Romans conquered Greece, the Peloponnese put up the fiercest resistance to Rome, and this was the last place to be occupied. The final battle of the Roman annexation of Greece, the Battle of Corinth, took place in the Peloponnese in the second century B.C. The battle was so tragic that Corinth was destroyed, just like Carthage, with all the men killed and all the women and children made slaves. Since then Greece entered the Roman period of its history and became a part of the Roman Republic, the Roman Empire, and the Byzantine Empire.
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后來，隨著1453年君士坦丁堡的陷落，希臘大部又處于奧斯曼帝國的統(tǒng)治之下。在隨后的幾個(gè)世紀(jì)當(dāng)中，伯羅奔尼撒逐漸成為了抵抗奧斯曼統(tǒng)治的中心。在十九世紀(jì)的希臘獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭當(dāng)中，反抗奧斯曼帝國統(tǒng)治的第一槍就打響在伯羅奔尼撒。而起義爆發(fā)的這一天，3月25日就成為了希臘的國慶日。
Later, with the fall of Constantinople in 1453, most of Greece came under Ottoman rule. In the following centuries, the Peloponnese gradually became the center of resistance to Ottoman rule. During the Greek War of Independence in the 19th century, the first shots against Ottoman rule were fired in the Peloponnese. The day of the uprising, March 25, became the independence day of Greece.
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我們可以看到，希臘被外族統(tǒng)治的時(shí)間很長，從公元前二世紀(jì)一直到十九世紀(jì)接近兩千年的時(shí)間。最后希臘能夠獨(dú)立，固然和民族主義的興起以及歐洲對于希臘的同情有關(guān)，拜倫為希臘創(chuàng)作了很多詩歌，德拉克洛瓦還為希臘創(chuàng)作了名畫《希俄斯島的屠殺》（或“希阿島的屠殺”），但說到底還是靠他們自己。
As we can see, Greece was under foreign domination for a long time, from the second century B.C. until the nineteenth century, nearly two thousand years. The final independence of Greece was certainly related to the rise of nationalism and European sympathy for Greece, with Byron's poetry and Eugène Delacroix's famous painting The Massacre at Chios (Scène des massacres de Scio), but in the end, it was the Greeks themselves who did it.
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當(dāng)時(shí)年輕一代的知識分子將現(xiàn)代希臘的歷史視為其古代歷史的延續(xù)，并且將復(fù)興古希臘精神的理念融入到了他們的敘事當(dāng)中?？梢哉f最后希臘能夠獨(dú)立和這種精神是密不可分的。如果沒有這種精神就沒有今天的希臘，更進(jìn)一步說，很可能他們原來的文明成果也保不住。那這種精神是從哪里來的，可能就來自于古代多利安人，斯巴達(dá)和伯羅奔尼撒的武化傳統(tǒng)和他們的精神遺產(chǎn)。對于一個(gè)文化系統(tǒng)來說，它有接受外來文化的一面，但還有強(qiáng)調(diào)自己獨(dú)特性的一面。這種強(qiáng)烈的自我意識與一個(gè)民族的武化傳統(tǒng)是密不可分的。
The younger generation of intellectuals of the time treated the history of modern Greece as an extension of its ancient history and permeated their narratives with the idea of reviving the spirit of ancient Greece. It can be said that the independence of Greece is inseparable from this spirit. Without this spirit, Greece would not be what it is today, and, likely, the achievements of their ancient civilization would not have been preserved. Where did this spirit come from? It may come from the ancient Dorian, Spartan, and Peloponnesian martial traditions and their spiritual heritage. A cultural system has a side that accepts foreign cultures, but also a side that emphasizes its uniqueness. This strong self-awareness is inseparable from a nation's martial tradition.
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我說這些內(nèi)容并不是想說希臘人有多熱愛獨(dú)立和自由，而是我們應(yīng)該看到潛藏在這些歷史事件背后更深一層的東西，民族性格和民族精神。一個(gè)個(gè)體的成長過程往往也是其性格和精神的演化過程。這對于一個(gè)文明，一個(gè)國家，一個(gè)公司，一個(gè)家庭甚至我們每個(gè)人都一樣。而文化與武化這種相互塑造的關(guān)系并不是希臘所獨(dú)有的，而是適用于所有偉大的文明。
I do not mean to say that the Greeks loved independence and freedom, but that we should see something deeper behind these historical events, the national character and the national spirit. The process of growth of an individual is often also the process of evolution of its character and spirit. This is true for a civilization, a country, a company, a family, and even for each of us. And this mutually shaping relationship between culture and martial is not unique to Greece but applies to all great civilizations.
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關(guān)于武化傳統(tǒng)還有很重要的一點(diǎn)，競技體育，這個(gè)我們以后再說。這里我們需要知道一點(diǎn)，競技體育是不流血的戰(zhàn)斗。公元前776年，第一屆古代奧林匹克運(yùn)動會就在伯羅奔尼撒半島西部的奧林匹亞舉行。而公元前776年這個(gè)年份有時(shí)就被用來作為古典希臘時(shí)期和希臘確切紀(jì)年的開始。奧林匹克格言，“更快，更高，更強(qiáng)，更團(tuán)結(jié)（2021）”這句口號說到底體現(xiàn)的還是武化傳統(tǒng)。
There is another very important point about the martial tradition, the high-performance sports（elite sports）, which we will talk about in the future. One thing we need to know here is that high-performance sports are bloodless battles. The first ancient Olympic Games were held in Olympia, in the western Peloponnese, in 776 BC. And the year 776 B.C. is sometimes used as the beginning of the Classical Greek period and the exact Greek chronology. The Olympic motto, "Faster, Higher, Stronger-Together (2021)" is also the embodiment of the martial tradition.
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提起古希臘可能我們更熟悉的是雅典，對于伯羅奔尼撒相對比較陌生。但如果不了解伯羅奔尼撒我們對古希臘的理解就是片面的。
When it comes to ancient Greece, we are probably more familiar with Athens and relatively new to the Peloponnese. But our understanding of ancient Greece is incomplete if we do not know the Peloponnese.
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我們說回古希臘地區(qū)。
Let's go back to the ancient Greek region.
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希臘還有為數(shù)眾多的島嶼。最大的是克里特島，這里是米諾斯文明的發(fā)祥地。這個(gè)文明以其充滿生活氣息的藝術(shù)，線性文字A以及包括克諾索斯宮殿在內(nèi)的大型建筑群而聞名。希臘神話當(dāng)中著名的迷宮和牛頭怪米諾陶諾斯就在這里。
Greece also has a large number of islands. The largest is Crete, which is the birthplace of the Minoan civilization. This civilization is known for its living art, Linear A, and large complexes including the palace of Knossos. The famous Labyrinth and Minotaur from Greek mythology are located here.
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希臘的兩組群島分別是東邊的基克拉澤斯群島和西邊的愛奧尼亞群島。
The two groups of Greek islands are the Cyclades in the east and the Ionian Islands in the west.
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基克拉澤斯群島位于愛琴海，包括了米洛斯島，納克索斯島，著名的有旅游勝地，圣托里尼島和提洛同盟金庫的所在地，提洛島。
The Cyclades are located in the Aegean Sea and include the islands of Milos, Naxos, the famous tourist destination of Santorini, and the island of Delos, home to the treasury of the Delian League.
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愛奧尼亞群島是一組位于希臘大陸以西愛奧尼亞海上的島嶼，主要有七個(gè)。其中就包括了伊薩基島（或“伊塔卡”，“伊薩卡”）。一般認(rèn)為《奧德賽》中奧德修斯的家鄉(xiāng)“伊薩基”就是這個(gè)伊薩基島。還有《刺客信條：奧德賽》中的“新手村”，凱法隆尼亞島，這里是游戲的主要角色卡珊德拉和阿利克西歐斯的故鄉(xiāng)。
The Ionian Islands are a group of islands in the Ionian Sea, west of mainland Greece, with seven principal islands. It includes the island of Ithaca. It is generally believed that Ithaca, the home of Odysseus in the Odyssey, is the island of Ithaca. And the "birthplace" of Assassin's Creed: Odyssey, the island of Cephalonia, is the home of the main characters Kassandra and Alexios.
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這里要注意，愛奧尼亞群島和我們接下來要講的愛奧尼亞地區(qū)并不一樣。構(gòu)成希臘世界的還有很重要的一部分是希臘的殖民地。
Be careful here not to confuse the Ionian Islands with the Ionian region that we will talk about next. Another very important part of the Greek world was the Greek settlements. The Greek colonies were also an important part of what made up the Greek world.
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愛奧尼亞（或“伊奧尼亞”）地區(qū)指的是位于安納托利亞西海岸的一個(gè)歷史地區(qū)。安納托利亞也稱小亞，這一地區(qū)構(gòu)成了今天的土耳其的大部分領(lǐng)土。
The Ionia region refers to a historical area located on the western coast of Anatolia. Anatolia is also known as Asia Minor, and this area constitutes most of the territory of contemporary Turkey.
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這里在公元前十八世紀(jì)是赫梯帝國的一部分，后來赫梯帝國在青銅時(shí)代晚期（約公元前十二世紀(jì)）崩潰了，其原因可能和“海上民族入侵”有關(guān)。不僅是赫梯帝國，整個(gè)東地中海地區(qū)幾乎所有的文明都在公元前十二世紀(jì)前后遭到了嚴(yán)重的破壞。在少數(shù)幸存下來的文明當(dāng)中都提到了“海上民族”對該地區(qū)的入侵，如埃及的拉美西斯三世就有對于“海上民族”入侵三角洲地區(qū)的記載。造成文明崩潰的因素除了“海上民族”，還有“多利安人入侵”和自然災(zāi)害等。由這些因素所導(dǎo)致的東地中海地區(qū)文明崩潰的一系列歷史事件被統(tǒng)稱為“青銅時(shí)代晚期崩潰”。
It was part of the Hittite Empire in the 18th century BC, which later collapsed in the late Bronze Age (around the 12th century BC), probably due to the "Sea Peoples Incursion". Not only the Hittite Empire but almost all civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean region were severely damaged around the twelfth century BCE. The few surviving civilizations mention the invasion of the region by "Sea Peoples", such as Ramses III of Egypt, who recorded the invasion of the Delta by "Sea Peoples". The factors that caused the collapse of civilization were not only the "Sea Peoples", but also the "Dorian invasion" and natural disasters. The series of historical events that led to the collapse of civilization in the Eastern Mediterranean region are collectively referred to as the "Late Bronze Age Collapse".
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在赫梯帝國毀滅之后，希臘人的一個(gè)部族，愛奧尼亞人于公元前十一世紀(jì)前后開始在這里定居。“愛奧尼亞”這一歷史地區(qū)便是由這一支愛奧尼亞人而來。然而希臘人在安納托利亞西海岸的定居地并非只有愛奧尼亞，而是從北向南分別由希臘人的三個(gè)部族，伊奧利亞人，愛奧尼亞人和多利安人建立了三個(gè)歷史地區(qū)。只是愛奧尼亞比較為人們所熟知。
After the destruction of the Hittite Empire, a tribe of Greeks, the Ionians, began to settle in the area around the eleventh century BC. The historical region "Ionia" is derived from this group of people called Ionians. However, the Greek settlement on the western coast of Anatolia was not only Ionian, but three historical regions were established from north to south by three Greek tribes, the Aeolians, Ionians, and Dorians respectively. Ionia is better known.
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在隨后的幾個(gè)世紀(jì)當(dāng)中，在愛奧尼亞形成了由十二個(gè)希臘城邦組成的聯(lián)盟，被稱為愛奧尼亞聯(lián)盟。重要的城邦包括了米利都，以弗所，希俄斯島和薩摩斯島。從公元前七世紀(jì)開始，愛奧尼亞繁榮起來，這里發(fā)展成為了希臘世界重要的商業(yè)和文化地區(qū)。
In the following centuries, a league of twelve Greek city-states was formed in Ionia, known as the Ionian League. The important city-states included Miletus, Ephesus, Chios, and Samos. From the seventh century B.C., Ionia flourished and it developed into an important commercial and cultural area of the Greek world.
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公元前六世紀(jì)，在愛奧尼亞的米利都誕生了著名的愛奧尼亞哲學(xué)學(xué)派，也稱米利都學(xué)派。著名的思想家了包括泰勒斯，赫拉克利特，阿那克西曼德和阿那克西美尼。他們致力于通過尋找基本元素來解釋自然和事物的本質(zhì)。愛奧尼亞學(xué)派被認(rèn)為是希臘哲學(xué)或者西方哲學(xué)的起點(diǎn)，泰勒斯被認(rèn)為是西方最早的哲學(xué)家。
In the sixth century B.C., the famous Ionian School of philosophy, also known as the Milesian school, was born in Miletus in Ionia. Famous thinkers include Thales, Heraclitus, Anaximander, and Anaximenes. They are dedicated to explaining nature and the nature of matter by finding the fundamental elements. The Ionian school is considered the starting point of Greek or Western philosophy, and Thales is considered the earliest Western philosopher.
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除了發(fā)達(dá)的貿(mào)易和興盛的文化，愛奧尼亞的地理位置也很特殊，它是亞洲和歐洲的中間地帶。就如同地處兩個(gè)大陸板塊之間的地方會地震頻發(fā)，公元前六世紀(jì)末或五世紀(jì)初的愛奧尼亞地區(qū)正處于波斯“板塊”和希臘“板塊”的交界處，兩個(gè)文化系統(tǒng)在這里不斷地發(fā)生著碰撞和摩擦。如果說希臘波斯戰(zhàn)爭是一場地震，那震源就是愛奧尼亞。
In addition to its well-developed trade and thriving culture, Ionia's geographical location is unique in that it is the intermediate zone between Asia and Europe. Just as a place between two continental plates is prone to earthquakes, the Ionia region in the late sixth or early fifth century B.C. was at the junction of the Persian and Greek "plates", where the two cultural systems were constantly colliding and clashing. If the Greco-Persian Wars were an earthquake, the hypocenter was Ionia.
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公元前547年，居魯士大帝征服了小亞地區(qū)。為了便于統(tǒng)治，波斯向愛奧尼亞的各希臘城邦委任了僭主。公元前499年，這里爆發(fā)了反抗波斯統(tǒng)治的愛奧尼亞起義。這場起義的爆發(fā)直接導(dǎo)致了希臘和波斯持續(xù)了近半個(gè)世紀(jì)的戰(zhàn)爭。
In 547 B.C., Cyrus the Great conquered the Asia Minor region. Persia appointed tyrants to rule over the Greek city-states in Ionia. In 499 BC, the Ionian Revolt broke out here against Persian rule. The outbreak of this revolt led directly to a war between Greece and Persia that lasted for nearly half a century.
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類似愛奧尼亞這種處于文化系統(tǒng)的邊緣地帶或者中間地帶的地方發(fā)揮著類似“催化劑”的作用，它們在很大程度上影響著文明的發(fā)展。從愛奧尼亞我們就可以看出來殖民地對于希臘世界的重要作用。
Places like Ionia, which are on the fringes or in the intermediate zones of cultural systems, play a similar role as "catalysts", and they largely influence the development of civilizations. From Ionia, we can see the important role of the colonies in the Greek world.
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而在希臘的歷史當(dāng)中，包括愛奧尼亞在內(nèi)的小亞西海岸殖民地只是希臘人口遷徙當(dāng)中比較有代表性的案例。希臘在古代有兩次大規(guī)模的人口遷徙。一次是在公元前十一世紀(jì)中期到公元前九世紀(jì)末由“多利安人入侵”所導(dǎo)致的人口遷徙。這次遷徙發(fā)生在青銅時(shí)代之后的鐵器時(shí)代，我們可以將其稱之為“鐵器時(shí)代殖民”。
In the history of Greece, the colonies of the western coast of Asia Minor, including Ionia, are only representative of the Greek population migrations. Greece had two major migrations in ancient times. One of them was caused by the "Dorian invasion" from the middle of the eleventh century B.C. to the end of the ninth century B.C. This migration took place after the Bronze Age, during the Iron Age, and we can call it "Iron Age colonization".
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在這次殖民活動中，希臘人在愛琴海諸島，塞浦路斯，克里特島和小亞細(xì)亞西海岸定居，這些定居地后來就發(fā)展成為希臘的重要城邦。
During this colonization, the Greeks settled in the Aegean islands, Cyprus, Crete, and the western coast of Asia Minor, which afterward became important Greek city-states.
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希臘大陸的邁錫尼文明可能由于“多利安人入侵”而毀滅，一部希臘人跑了出來在新的地方定居。此時(shí)的希臘由于缺少書寫系統(tǒng)導(dǎo)致這一時(shí)期的歷史事件鮮有記載。線形文字B隨著邁錫尼文明的毀滅而消失了，而希臘字母要等到公元前八世紀(jì)初期才出現(xiàn)。而在民間的口述歷史當(dāng)中，很多發(fā)生于這段時(shí)期的部族遷徙活動就被人們傳頌為是由神話人物或英雄所領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的。這也就是我前面提到的古希臘的地區(qū)劃分當(dāng)中的部落，傳說和神話因素。
The Mycenaean civilization of mainland Greece was probably destroyed by the "Dorian invasion", and some Greeks ran away and settled in new places. The lack of a writing system in Greece at this time has resulted in few historical events being recorded from this period. Linear B disappeared with the destruction of the Mycenaean civilization, while the Greek alphabet did not appear until the early eighth century BCE. In folk oral history, many of the tribal migrations that took place during this period were celebrated as being led by mythical figures or heroes. This is the tribal, legendary, and mythological element of the regional divisions of ancient Greece that I mentioned earlier.
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（講到這里我來梳理一下這些事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。大致的情況是這樣的：邁錫尼文明存在于約公元前十八世紀(jì)（約公元前1750年）到公元前十一世紀(jì)（約公元前1050年）。約公元前十三世紀(jì)“多利安人入侵”，邁錫尼的宮殿在約公元前十三世紀(jì)遭到破壞，線形文字B最后一次出現(xiàn)的時(shí)間也是公元前十三世紀(jì)，約公元前十一世紀(jì)邁錫尼文明毀滅。
Let me sort out the timing of these events. The general picture is this: the Mycenaean civilization existed from about the eighteenth century B.C. (c. 1750 B.C.) to about the eleventh century B.C. (c. 1050 B.C.). The "Dorian invasion" took place around the thirteenth century BC. The Mycenaean palace was destroyed in the thirteenth century B.C. The last appearance of Linear B is also dated to the thirteenth century BC. The destruction of the Mycenaean civilization in about the eleventh century B.C.)
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另外一次大規(guī)模的希臘人口遷徙發(fā)生在約公元前750年到約公元前500年這一時(shí)期，也就是從希臘大陸走出黑暗時(shí)代到愛奧尼亞爆發(fā)起義的這段時(shí)間，我們可以將其稱之為“古風(fēng)時(shí)代殖民”。
Another major Greek migration took place between about 750 BC and about 500 BC, the period between the emergence of the Greek mainland from the Dark Ages and the outbreak of the Ionian Revolt, which we can call the "Archaic Colonization".
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這次人口遷徙和之前的有一個(gè)重要的區(qū)別，這次殖民活動在很大程度上是“主動的”，是希臘人有計(jì)劃的，有目的的對一地區(qū)進(jìn)行控制的過程，在這個(gè)過程中很多希臘城邦得以建立并且它們和母邦保持著緊密的聯(lián)系。殖民的原因主要有兩點(diǎn)。
One important difference between this migration and its predecessors was that this colonization was "active", a planned and purposeful process of Greek control over a region, in which many Greek city-states were established and which maintained close ties with their mother states. There are two major reasons for colonization.
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首先是希臘大陸人口的增長超出了有限的土地承載能力。根據(jù)一項(xiàng)估計(jì)，從公元前800年到公元前400年這段時(shí)間，希臘世界的人口增加了十多倍，從80萬人左右增加到了1000萬人左右。有限的土地產(chǎn)出已經(jīng)無法養(yǎng)活如此龐大的人口，導(dǎo)致他們在其他地方大規(guī)模建立殖民地。
The first is that the population of mainland Greece is growing beyond the limited land-carrying capacity. According to one estimate, the population of the Greek world increased more than tenfold between 800 BC and 400 BC, from about 800,000 to about 10 million. The limited land output could no longer support such a large population, resulting in their large-scale establishment of colonies elsewhere.
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其次是進(jìn)行貿(mào)易。首先是隨著東地中海地區(qū)的發(fā)展，各主要文明都有巨大的貿(mào)易需求。糧食，經(jīng)濟(jì)作物，牲畜，金屬，貴金屬，木材等資源的相對稀缺促使商人們建立商路。希臘人在建立商路的過程當(dāng)中建立了很多殖民地，其目的是規(guī)范和擴(kuò)大貿(mào)易。然后是隨著技術(shù)的發(fā)展，希臘人可以將船只開到更遠(yuǎn)的地方。這一時(shí)期的希臘殖民地已經(jīng)遍布地中海，愛琴海，馬爾馬拉海和黑海的沿岸地區(qū)。向東，他們到達(dá)了黑海的克里米亞半島。向西，他們到達(dá)了西西里島，意大利南部，法國南部，科西嘉島，甚至是西班牙東部。向南，他們在埃及和利比亞也建立了殖民地。
The second is to conduct trade. First of all, with the development of the Eastern Mediterranean region, there was a huge demand for trade from all major civilizations. The relative scarcity of food, cash crops, livestock, metals, precious metals, wood, and other resources prompted merchants to establish trade routes. The Greeks established many colonies in the course of establishing trade routes with the intent of regulating and expanding trade. Then, with the development of technology, the Greeks could sail their ships further. Greek colonies of this period were already spread over the Mediterranean coastal areas, the Aegean, the Sea of Marmara, and the Black Sea. To the east, they reached the Crimean Peninsula in the Black Sea. To the west, they reached Sicily, southern Italy, southern France, Corsica, and even eastern Spain. To the south, they established colonies in Egypt and Libya as well.
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這些殖民地在希臘向整個(gè)地中海地區(qū)傳播其影響力的過程當(dāng)中發(fā)揮了重要作用，同時(shí)它們也有助于在希臘各城邦之間建立長途貿(mào)易網(wǎng)絡(luò)，促進(jìn)古希臘的經(jīng)濟(jì)。
These colonies played an important role in spreading Greek influence throughout the Mediterranean, and they also aided in the establishment of long-distance trading networks between Greek city-states and boosted the economy of ancient Greece.
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當(dāng)然了，不只是希臘人，腓尼基人也建立了很多的殖民地，其中最著名的就是北非的迦太基。
Not only the Greeks, of course, but also the Phoenicians established many colonies, such as Carthage in North Africa.
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關(guān)于古希臘地區(qū)的內(nèi)容我們就先聊到這里。這部分內(nèi)容很多也很雜，不過柏拉圖的一句話可能有助于你的理解和記憶，他說： “我們就像一群青蛙圍著一個(gè)水塘，在這片海的沿岸定居了下來”。
This is the content of the ancient Greek region. The content of the ancient Greek region is many and varied, and a quote from Plato may help you understand and remember this part, when he said, "Like frogs around a pond, we have settled down upon the shores of this sea".
