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Nucleus raphe pallidus

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Nucleus raphe pallidus

?

Section of the medulla oblongata at about the middle of the olive. (Raphe nuclei not labeled, but 'raphe' labeled at left.)

Details

Identifiers

Latin

nucleus raphe pallidus

MeSH

D065848

NeuroNames

741

NeuroLex?ID

birnlex_1375

TA

A14.1.04.320

FMA

72586

Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy

[edit on Wikidata]

The?nucleus raphe pallidus?receives afferent connections from the?periaqueductal gray

(喝酒后的人感覺到的發(fā)熱應(yīng)該就是PAG興奮?nucleus raphe pallidus后導(dǎo)致的發(fā)熱，很有可能PAG的強(qiáng)直部分和屈服部分都能興奮nucleus raphe pallidus。對了，nucleus raphe pallidus的興奮會(huì)抑制pontine cholinergic system（pedunculopontine nucleus and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus）。)

, the?Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus, central nucleus of the?amygdala

（central nucleus of the?amygdala poject?inhibitive axons.難道危急時(shí)刻所表現(xiàn)出的異常冷靜是central nucleus of the?amygdala對nucleus raphe pallidus抑制的結(jié)果？畢竟疼痛信息興奮PAG，外界快速變化信息興奮amygdala，amygdala興奮PAG的同時(shí)抑制nucleus raphe pallidus，而nucleus raphe pallidus的興奮抑制pontine cholinergic system，所以當(dāng)pontine cholinergic system被抑制了，amygdala對nucleus raphe pallidus的抑制效果甚微，而變成PAG強(qiáng)烈興奮nucleus raphe pallidus，這就形成了amygdala的臨界點(diǎn)效應(yīng)--到底興奮PAG占上風(fēng)還是抑制nucleus raphe pallidus占上風(fēng)，從而決定了pontine cholinergic system到底能不能不被抑制，這種危機(jī)時(shí)刻的精細(xì)調(diào)控很不容易啊。因?yàn)槎邔?yīng)的行為完全不同，一個(gè)是頭腦緊張發(fā)熱，一個(gè)是冷靜處置(冷靜處置者必然將自身的安危置之度外，即屏蔽了來自自身疼痛的信息，屏蔽了insular cortex對amygdala的興奮效果，從而能夠?qū)mygdala有一個(gè)精確的控制，這種行為是不能有意識自我重復(fù)的，是一種不可刻意復(fù)制的臨場反應(yīng))。

或許生活大爆炸中那個(gè)印度男孩的失語現(xiàn)象就是由于異性出現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致amygdala和PAG活動(dòng)劇烈而興奮了nucleus raphe pallidus，從而抑制了cholinergic system，導(dǎo)致大腦皮層-丘腦缺少ACh遞質(zhì)的精確調(diào)節(jié)而喪失語言思考能力，而酒精和酒精的心理暗示讓PAG的強(qiáng)直部分不再活動(dòng)強(qiáng)烈，從而讓preoptic area再次抑制nucleus raphe pallidus，使得cholinergic system不再被抑制，語言思考能力就瞬間回歸了。同時(shí)由thalamic reticular nucleus引發(fā)的回避行為---印度男孩趴到別人耳邊說話時(shí)導(dǎo)致其視界內(nèi)刺激信息大大減少，這樣的回避行為降低了刺激信息對amygdala的輸入，同時(shí)回避行為本身也是thalamic reticular nucleus對thalamus一定程度的抑制，總的來說就是大大降低對amygdala的輸入，從而大大減輕amygdala對PAG強(qiáng)直部分的興奮，這樣一來，PAG的活動(dòng)不被激發(fā)，從而解放了cholinergic system在大腦皮層-丘腦的活動(dòng)，就又能說話了。）

, lateral hypothalamic area, and?parvocellular reticular nucleus.

Also, the nucleus raphe pallidus receives afferents from the?medial?preoptic area, median preoptic nucleus and lateral?paragigantocellular reticular nuclei.[1]

The nucleus raphe pallidus has recently been shown to be involved in the activation of a fever as an immunoreaction. It has been implied that the preoptic area?is constantly inhibiting the raphe pallidus

（it means the preoptic area?prevent activation of fever, which also means the preoptic area?is inhibited when a fever happens, when the environment is cold. It also means pain make you calm, because pain information reach the?preoptic area. If that pain also increase?your serotonin(from raphe magnus and rahpe obscurus?maybe),? the serotonin inhibit pain, or cause your parasympathetic system work to??make the pain uncaused, then that pain is not forbidden necessarily. For example, you have eaten?something hard, then you regulate yourself in increasing serotonin or in increasing the movement and secreting of stomach, or some other example.）

, especially the rostral portion(?????), with?GABA.

When the preoptic area receives immune signals?from the body, the inhibition stops and the rostral portion of the nucleus raphe pallidus excites the intermediolateral cell column, which induces a fever.[2]

(when in fever, you feel cold easily, the cold temperature information reach medial preoptic area to inhibit raphe pallidus. This inhibition makes your body tremble and avoid such cold information, and at the same time you feel pains all over the body, which is the result of increasing prostaglandin that makes the pain receptor much more sensitive. By the way, the prostaglandin originate from the membrane of broken cells.)

The nucleus raphe pallidus has also been known to mediate the?tachycardia?response, an extremely high heart rate known to be incited by emotional or psychological stress.

(Maybe the?nucleus raphe pallidus is also involved in flipped love, your heart speeds when you meet your goddess. It agrees with the way of?gonadotropin-releasing hormone releasing which is controlled by medial preoptic area.?)

Microinjections of a GABA-a antagonist into the nucleus raphe pallidus, induces an increased heart rate.

Conversely, microinjections of muscimol, a GABA-a?agonist, inhibit tachycardia in rats under air-stress stimuli.[3]

In both of these cases, GABA is mediating two different sympathetic responses, so clearly the nucleus raphe pallidus is a far more a complex nucleus than previously thought.