五月天青色头像情侣网名,国产亚洲av片在线观看18女人,黑人巨茎大战俄罗斯美女,扒下她的小内裤打屁股

歡迎光臨散文網(wǎng) 會(huì)員登陸 & 注冊(cè)

經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人 | 生育率暴跌,怎么辦(上)

2023-06-12 21:05 作者:CATTI一級(jí)翻譯小姐姐  | 我要投稿

讀雪人的時(shí)候,看到一個(gè)關(guān)于“延遲退休”的表達(dá):keep older workers at the grindstone for longer

Grindstone就是用來拋光金屬制品的磨石,keep one’s nose to the grindstone ,就是讓人像磨刀石上的刀一樣,不停工作。

這令人窒息的畫面感……


為什么會(huì)造成這樣的局面呢?其中一個(gè)直接因素就是生育率暴跌。

本周一,經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人商論更新了一篇關(guān)于生育率問題的文章,文章稍微有點(diǎn)長(zhǎng)。我們分上中下三個(gè)部分講解。此為上篇。


選段及譯文來自《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人商論》,筆記由譯群人團(tuán)隊(duì)原創(chuàng),非商業(yè)用途。


先看標(biāo)題。

The baby-bust economy 嬰兒荒經(jīng)濟(jì)

我們知道baby boom嬰兒潮,boom的反義詞bust.?Boom and bust在經(jīng)濟(jì)類的文章里經(jīng)常看到,表示經(jīng)濟(jì)周期中的繁榮和蕭條。Boom表示經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮的時(shí)期,經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和就業(yè)率高,而"Bust"表示經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條的時(shí)期,經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)緩慢或停滯,這通常會(huì)導(dǎo)致失業(yè)率的上升。這種周期性的經(jīng)濟(jì)波動(dòng)通常與商業(yè)周期或金融市場(chǎng)周期有關(guān)。


標(biāo)題下有一個(gè)問句作為導(dǎo)語(yǔ):

What might change the world’s dire demographic trajectory?如何能改變嚴(yán)峻的世界人口軌跡?

Dire=very serious

赤貧living in dire poverty

嚴(yán)重警告╱威脅dire warnings/threats

嚴(yán)重后果 dire consequences

急需幫助?in dire need of help

極度困境,岌岌可危in dire straits,注意此時(shí)straits必須用復(fù)數(shù),表示困境,特別是由經(jīng)濟(jì)拮據(jù)引起的困境。

trajectory表示物體運(yùn)動(dòng)的軌跡或者事情發(fā)展的軌跡,也就是trend。

走下坡路on a downward trajectory

反過來,事業(yè)蒸蒸日上,如日中天呢??on a relentlessly upward career trajectory.

那么,the world’s dire demographic trajectory要表達(dá)的意思就是:the demographic trend is towards an older population人口結(jié)構(gòu)的變化呈現(xiàn)老齡化趨勢(shì)。要趕緊想想辦法了。


我們來看第一段:
IN THE ROUGHLY 250 years since the Industrial Revolution the world’s population, like its wealth, has?exploded. Before the end of this century, however, the number of people on the planet could?shrink?for the first time since the Black Death. The root cause is not a?surge?in deaths, but a?slump?in births. Across much of the world the fertility rate, the average number of births per woman, is?collapsing. Although the trend may be familiar, its extent and its consequences are not. Even as artificial intelligence (AI) leads to?surging?optimism in some?quarters, the baby bust?hangs over?the future of the world economy.

自工業(yè)革命以來的大約250年里,世界人口和財(cái)富一樣呈現(xiàn)爆炸式增長(zhǎng)。然而,在本世紀(jì)結(jié)束前,地球上的人口數(shù)量可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)自黑死病以來首次減少。根本原因并非死亡人數(shù)激增,而是出生人數(shù)銳減。世界大部分地區(qū)的生育率(每名婦女平均生育的子女?dāng)?shù)量)正在急劇下降。人們對(duì)這種趨勢(shì)或許并不陌生,但對(duì)其程度和后果卻所知甚少。在人工智能(AI)激發(fā)一些領(lǐng)域樂觀情緒高漲之時(shí),嬰兒荒的威脅籠罩在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的未來之上。


這段話中出現(xiàn)了多個(gè)表示“上升”、“下降”的詞:

上升、激增:explode, surge (v. & n.)

下降、暴跌:shrink, slump, collapse, bust


重點(diǎn)關(guān)注一下最后一句話的quarter: [C] a person or group of people, especially as a source of help, information or a reaction (尤指能提供幫助、信息或作出反應(yīng)的)個(gè)人,群體在這個(gè)句子中,quarter指的是某個(gè)特定的領(lǐng)域、行業(yè)或社會(huì)群體。

in some quarters可以翻譯為“在某些領(lǐng)域/行業(yè)/社會(huì)群體中”。來兩個(gè)詞典上的例句:

Support for the plan came from an unexpected quarter. 支持這一計(jì)劃的是沒料想到的一方。

The news was greeted with dismay in some quarters . 有一部分人對(duì)這條消息感到泄氣。


通過最后一句話提煉一個(gè)寫作翻譯句式:

Even as A leads to ...(something good), B hangs over the future of ...盡管有利好A,但B這件事情還是會(huì)對(duì)未來造成不良影響。現(xiàn)學(xué)現(xiàn)用,走:

  • 寫氣候問題:

Even as renewable energy leads to a cleaner environment, climate change hangs over the future of our planet.盡管可再生能源促進(jìn)了環(huán)境清潔,但氣候變化依然威脅著地球的未來。

  • 寫科技與就業(yè)市場(chǎng)相關(guān)話題:

Even as technological advancements lead to a better quality of life, job automation hangs over the future of employment.盡管得益于科技進(jìn)步,人們的生活質(zhì)量有所提高,但職業(yè)自動(dòng)化依然會(huì)對(duì)就業(yè)市場(chǎng)產(chǎn)生影響。

  • 寫人口老齡化問題:

Even as medical breakthroughs lead to longer life expectancy, a rapidly aging population hangs over the future of healthcare systems.盡管醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的突破延長(zhǎng)了預(yù)期壽命,但快速老齡化的人口依然威脅著醫(yī)療保健系統(tǒng)。

  • 寫全球化和收入不平等:

Even as globalization leads to greater economic growth, income inequality hangs over the future of global development.盡管全球化促進(jìn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng),收入不平等這一問題依然威脅著全球發(fā)展的未來。


現(xiàn)在看第二段:

In 2000 the world’s?fertility rate?was 2.7 births per woman,?comfortably?above the?“replacement rate” of 2.1, at which a population is stable. Today it is 2.3 and falling. The largest 15 countries by GDP all have a fertility rate below the replacement rate. That includes America and much of the rich world, but also China and India,?neither of which?is rich but?which?together account for more than a third of the global population.

2000年,全球生育率為每名婦女生育2.7個(gè)孩子,穩(wěn)穩(wěn)高于保持人口穩(wěn)定所需的“更替率”2.1個(gè)。如今生育率是2.3,而且還在下降。GDP最高的15個(gè)國(guó)家的生育率都低于人口更替率。這包括美國(guó)和大部分發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,但也包括中國(guó)和印度——這兩個(gè)國(guó)家都不是富裕國(guó)家,但加起來占了全球人口的三分之一以上。


“生育率”要怎么表達(dá)?

上一段用了fertility rate,緊接著后面跟了一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)具體解釋:the average number of births per woman每名婦女平均生育的子女?dāng)?shù)量。

一說到“生育率”,我們就會(huì)提到一個(gè)“更替率”replacement rate。

更替率一般指的是,在一定時(shí)期內(nèi),新生產(chǎn)要素替代老生產(chǎn)要素的速度或比例。通常用于衡量人口更替、勞動(dòng)力更替或資本設(shè)備更替的速度。如果人口出生率低于人口更替率,那么人口就會(huì)逐漸減少,而如果人口出生率高于這個(gè)值,人口就會(huì)逐漸增長(zhǎng)。在這個(gè)句子中,作者指出2000年的全球人口出生率為2.7,高于2.1的replacement rate,因此世界人口仍然在增長(zhǎng)。


在說出生率高于更替率的時(shí)候,作者用了一個(gè)副詞comfortably,表示with no problem 沒問題;容易地,可以理解為easily,來兩個(gè)例句:

He can comfortably afford the extra expense. 他支付這些額外的費(fèi)用毫無問題。

They are comfortably ahead in the opinion polls. 他們?cè)诿褚鉁y(cè)驗(yàn)中遙遙領(lǐng)先。

Comfortably above可以理解為遠(yuǎn)高于。


我們?cè)賮砜催@段話最后一句的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu):That?includes?America?and?much?of?the?rich?world,?but?also?China?and?India,?neither?of?which?is?rich?but?which?together?account?for?more?than?a?third?of?the?global?population.

重點(diǎn)關(guān)注最后which定語(yǔ)從句,neither of which 和 which together account for,這兩個(gè)which的先行詞都是China and India。但由于這個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句涵蓋的內(nèi)容比較多,因此在翻譯的時(shí)候單獨(dú)用一句話來表述。


這種分譯法常見于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,因?yàn)檫@種定語(yǔ)從句往往起到補(bǔ)充說明的作用,其意義獨(dú)立性比較強(qiáng),實(shí)際上相當(dāng)于與主句并列的分句,且該類從句往往長(zhǎng)而復(fù)雜。


值得注意的是,對(duì)于從句過長(zhǎng)且限制性比較弱的限制性定語(yǔ)從句,譯者也可以采用分譯法將其譯為并列句。在將定語(yǔ)從句分譯為并列句或幾個(gè)獨(dú)立句的時(shí)候,有些句子需要重復(fù)先行詞,而有些從句則可以省略先行詞。比如:

He is decisive, which is an essential factor to achieve success.他為人果斷,這是獲得成功的關(guān)鍵要素。

在這句話中,which 所引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)He is decisive這個(gè)句子的補(bǔ)充說明,因此在翻譯成并列句的時(shí)候,我們便要靈活地處理先行詞,將其譯為代詞“這”。


現(xiàn)在拆解第三段:

The result is that in much of the world?the patter of tiny feet is being drowned out by the clatter of walking sticks. The prime examples of ageing countries are no longer just Japan and Italy but also include Brazil, Mexico and Thailand. By 2030 more than half the inhabitants of East and South-East Asia will be over 40. As the old die and are not fully replaced, populations are likely to shrink. Outside Africa, the world’s population is forecast to peak in the 2050s and end the century smaller than it is today. Even in Africa, the fertility rate is falling fast.

結(jié)果就是,在世界大部分地方,新生兒越來越少而老人越來越多。老齡化國(guó)家的典型例子不再只有日本和意大利,現(xiàn)在還包括巴西、墨西哥和泰國(guó)。到2030年,東亞和東南亞一半以上的人口將超過40歲。隨著老年人過世而沒有被充分更替,人口很可能將減少。除非洲外,世界人口預(yù)計(jì)將在2050年代達(dá)到峰值,到本世紀(jì)末時(shí)將比現(xiàn)在還少。即使在非洲,生育率也在快速下降。


如何表達(dá)“人口老齡化”?如何表達(dá)“人口出生率一直低于更替率”?

本段第一句給了一個(gè)很形象的示例:the?patter?of?tiny?feet?is?being?drowned?out?by?the?clatter?of?walking?sticks

先說drown out: [VN] ~ sb/sth (out)( of a sound 聲音 ) to be louder than other sounds so that you cannot hear them 壓過;蓋沒;淹沒

She turned up the radio to drown out the noise from next door. 她開大了收音機(jī)的音量以壓過隔壁房間的吵鬧聲。


再看剛才這個(gè)句子。這是一個(gè)比喻句:the patter of tiny feet是指孩子的腳步聲,也可以解釋為指年輕人的出生。the clatter of walking sticks是指老年人的拐杖聲,也可以解釋為指老年人口增加。因此,這個(gè)比喻意味著老年人口的比例正在增加,而年輕人口的比例正在減少。
這其實(shí)也可以看作是借代的修辭手法,常見的幾種借代情況如下:

  • 以抽象代詳細(xì),如heart and head代情感與理智;

  • 以特殊自己、地點(diǎn)、事物等姓名代一類人或某機(jī)構(gòu):Downing Street代英國(guó)政府,Beijing代中國(guó)政府,He is another Shylock,Shylock代和其性格(吝嗇)同樣的人;

  • 以容器或工具代相鄰的事物,如Thekettle is boiling.kettle(水壺)在此指代水,實(shí)在是水燒開而不是水壺?zé)_;

這種修辭手法可以注意一下,今后的中譯英、英譯中都可以試著借鑒,比如:

他的經(jīng)濟(jì)條件不允許他享受那種奢華。His?purse?would not allow him that luxury.

母親盡最大努力照看孩子。The mother did her best to take care of the?cradle.

他在1848年繼承了王位。He succeeded to the?crown?in 1848.

老年人也可以是gray hairs,比如:Young people should have more respect for gray hairs.


Outside Africa, the world’s population is forecast to peak in the 2050s and end the century smaller than it is today. 這句話中,end the century, end及物動(dòng)詞,字面上看“結(jié)束本世紀(jì)”,也就是到本世紀(jì)末這個(gè)意思。Smaller 形容詞做狀語(yǔ),修飾句子主語(yǔ)the world’s population的狀態(tài),到本世紀(jì)末,世界人口會(huì)怎樣呢?Smaller than it is today比現(xiàn)在還低,it還是指代世界人口。

來到今天這篇拆解的最后一段:

Whatever some environmentalists say, a shrinking population creates problems. The world is not close to full and the economic difficulties resulting from fewer young people are many. The obvious?one?is that it is getting harder to support the world’s pensioners. Retired folk draw on the output of the working-aged, either through the state, which levies taxes on workers to pay public pensions, or by cashing in savings to buy goods and services or because relatives provide care unpaid. But whereas the rich world currently has around three people between 20 and 64 years old for everyone over 65, by 2050 it will have less than two. The implications are?higher taxes, later retirements, lower real returns for savers?and, possibly, government budget crises.

不管一些環(huán)保人士怎么說,人口減少會(huì)帶來各種問題。世界人口遠(yuǎn)未飽和,而年輕人減少會(huì)造成諸多經(jīng)濟(jì)困難。一個(gè)顯而易見的問題是越來越難以贍養(yǎng)世界上的退休老人。退休人口依賴勞動(dòng)年齡人口的產(chǎn)出,無論是由政府向勞動(dòng)人口征稅來支付公共養(yǎng)老金,還是提取儲(chǔ)蓄來購(gòu)買商品和服務(wù),抑或是依靠親屬提供無償照護(hù)。但是,目前在富裕國(guó)家每個(gè)65歲以上老人對(duì)應(yīng)大約三個(gè)20至64歲的人,而到2050年將對(duì)應(yīng)不到兩個(gè)。其影響是稅收提高、退休年齡推遲、儲(chǔ)蓄實(shí)際回報(bào)降低,可能還會(huì)發(fā)生政府預(yù)算危機(jī)。


閱讀英文篇章,有一個(gè)很重要的方面就是要弄清楚指代。比如這句話:The obvious one is that it is getting harder to support the world’s pensioners. 這里的one指代的是上一句的economic difficulty.


關(guān)于指代,《中式英語(yǔ)之鑒》里有專門的一章(Pronouns那一章)來闡述。一般來說,遇到名詞指代,就到前文里找與這個(gè)名詞或代詞最近且單復(fù)數(shù)形式一致的那個(gè)名詞,注意最后要檢查一下邏輯是否吻合,不要張冠李戴。


從翻譯技巧上說,名詞指代就是用人稱代詞(we, I, you, he, she, they, it...)、不定代詞(one, all, some)、指示代詞(that, this, these, those)、關(guān)系代詞(who, which, whose)等去指代前面所述的事物名詞。翻譯成中文的時(shí)候,一般要將具體指代的事物名詞重復(fù)出來。比如:

When our washing machine broke, our neighbours let us use?theirs. 我們的洗衣機(jī)壞了的時(shí)候,鄰居就讓我們用他們的洗衣機(jī)。

Translation from English into Chinese is not so easy as?that?from English to French.英譯漢不如英譯法容易。

而不是一直用“它”去指代。


再講下最后一句話:The?implications?are?higher?taxes,?later?retirements,?lower?real?returns?for?savers?and,?possibly,?government?budget?crises.

這句結(jié)構(gòu)不難,主系表結(jié)構(gòu),幾個(gè)名詞并列。值得一提的是,后面幾個(gè)形容詞比較級(jí)的譯法。不要處理成“更高的稅收、更晚的退休時(shí)間、更低的儲(chǔ)蓄實(shí)際回報(bào)”,可以把比較級(jí)處理成動(dòng)詞:稅收提高、退休年齡推遲、儲(chǔ)蓄實(shí)際回報(bào)降低。


英文的形容詞比較級(jí)和中文動(dòng)詞,其實(shí)意思上都有一個(gè)變化趨勢(shì)在里面,所以很多時(shí)候可以互相轉(zhuǎn)換。比如:

加大治污力度get?tougher?on environmental pollutiontwo-thirds of industries have become?more concentrated,

行業(yè)趨向集中化發(fā)展made firms?bigger and more resilient?擴(kuò)大了公司規(guī)模,增強(qiáng)了公司的耐挫力

漢譯英經(jīng)常出現(xiàn) “性感化”(時(shí)代感、國(guó)際化等),這些抽象化、宏觀化的概念在翻譯的時(shí)候可以具體處理,變化詞性,處理成動(dòng)詞、形容詞或形容詞比較級(jí)。
又比如One source of improvement lies in the?more efficient?use of crops to feed animals.提高家畜飼料作物的利用效率可以改善這一情況。


本專題未完待續(xù)。

公眾號(hào):自由翻譯日記


經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人 | 生育率暴跌,怎么辦(上)的評(píng)論 (共 條)

分享到微博請(qǐng)遵守國(guó)家法律
合水县| 青河县| 惠安县| 方正县| 池州市| 长顺县| 万安县| 桐城市| 鹤庆县| 云龙县| 贵港市| 丘北县| 龙口市| 文成县| 河池市| 临潭县| 焦作市| 澎湖县| 中卫市| 平塘县| 荔波县| 惠州市| 封开县| 托克逊县| 菏泽市| 彝良县| 临安市| 和林格尔县| 汉寿县| 马山县| 白沙| 淳安县| 德安县| 门头沟区| 驻马店市| 舟山市| 通许县| 托克托县| 南岸区| 麻城市| 自治县|