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【簡譯】面粉暴動（Flour War）

2022-09-15 20:56 作者:神尾智代 0人讀過 | 我要投稿

The Flour War refers to the series of approximately 300 riots that swept through France from April to May 1775, because of rising bread prices. The revolts only subsided after soldiers had been deployed, resulting in hundreds of arrests. It was one of the first physical manifestations of the crises that led to the French Revolution (1789-1799).

? ? ? ? ? 面粉暴動指的是1775年4月至5月席卷法國的一系列約300起暴亂，暴亂的導火索是面包價格上漲。暴亂在軍隊的圍剿下才得以平息，數(shù)百人被捕。這是導致法國大革命（1789-1799年）爆發(fā)的最初物質(zhì)條件之一。

The price of bread was of the utmost importance to the French lower classes in the twilight years of the Ancien Régime. Bread made up three-quarters of most ordinary peoples' diets, and even in normal times, the poorest of workers might spend up to half of their income just on bread. Even modest increases in bread prices, therefore, threatened many with the prospect of starvation, making sudden rises in prices the most dangerous moments for public order. The Flour War itself was sparked when French Controller-General Anne-Robert Jacques Turgot (1727-1781) abolished control on the price of bread, believing in laissez-faire, a hands-off approach to the economy. This decision and a famine in 1774 led to rising bread prices, causing riots to break out.

? ? ? ? ? 在法國舊政權暮年，面包的價格對于下層階級來說是最重要的。面包占大多數(shù)普通人飲食的四分之三，即使在正常時期，最貧窮的工人也可能將其收入的一半用于購買面包。因此，即使是面包價格的適度上漲，也會使許多人面臨饑餓的威脅，而價格的突然上漲會成為公共秩序最危險的時刻。面粉戰(zhàn)爭本身是由法國總督安·羅伯特·雅克·杜爾哥（1727-1781）取消對面包價格的控制而引發(fā)的；他選擇相信自由放任，即對經(jīng)濟放手的做法。這一決定與1774年的饑荒，導致了面包價格上漲，從而引發(fā)暴亂。

Although bread supply did stabilize following the Flour War, the riots were one of the first major unrests tied to the issues that would cause the French Revolution. During the Revolution itself, bread riots would become a common form of protest and would lead to key revolutionary moments such as the Women's March on Versailles in October 1789.

? ? ? ? ? 盡管面包供應在面粉暴動之后確實穩(wěn)定了下來，但這次暴動是導致法國大革命爆發(fā)的第一批大動亂之一。在大革命期間，因面包而騷亂將成為一種常見的抗議形式，并將推動關鍵的革命腳步，如1789年10月，巴黎婦女向凡爾賽進軍。

背景：人們獲得面包的權利不可剝奪

By the 1700s, grain had become the most popular crop in France. Although there had not been any widespread, countrywide famines in the six decades prior to the 1770s, localized hunger was still an issue, and the fear of starvation had been enough to spark an obsession with the growing of grain. Other high-yield crops such as maize and potatoes were more rarely grown since these two crops required much more fertilizer than grain, which proved to be difficult in a time when most herds of livestock were neither numerous nor well-nourished enough to provide adequate manure. Aside from Alsace and Lorraine where potatoes were widely cultivated, many French peasants still considered potatoes to be unfit for animal consumption, let alone human, and refused to grow them.

? ? ? ? ? 到了17世紀，谷物類作物已經(jīng)成為法國最受歡迎的作物。雖然在18世紀70年代之前的60年里沒有發(fā)生過任何廣泛的、全國性的饑荒，但局部性的饑餓問題仍然存在，對饑餓的恐懼足以引發(fā)人們對糧食種植的癡迷。其他高產(chǎn)作物如玉米和土豆的種植比較少，因為這兩種作物需要比糧食多得多的肥料，這在大多數(shù)牲畜群既不多也沒有足夠營養(yǎng)來提供足夠糞便的時代被證明是困難的。除了廣泛種植馬鈴薯的阿爾薩斯和洛林地區(qū)以外，許多法國農(nóng)民仍然認為馬鈴薯不適合動物食用，更不用說人類了，因此他們拒絕種植馬鈴薯。

The popularity of grain, combined with a lack of consistent access to meats in the lower classes, meant that bread made up a huge portion of ordinary peoples' diets. The lack of diversification in French agriculture also meant that the failure of harvests had a catastrophic effect. Although France had enjoyed many years of good harvests in the first half of the 18th century, from the late 1760s onward, harvests became more uncertain, and yields fluctuated sharply. Between 1770 and 1789, only three harvest seasons were abundant everywhere in France. With each new generation, peasant farmlands were divided up amongst the sons, so that by the late 1700s, many countryside farms were rather small, and therefore yielded unstable harvests.

? ? ? ? ? 谷物的普及，加上下層社會缺乏穩(wěn)定的肉類供應，意味著面包在普通人的飲食中占據(jù)很大比重。當時的法國農(nóng)業(yè)缺乏多樣性的作物，這也意味著歉收時節(jié)會產(chǎn)生災難性的影響。盡管法國在18世紀上半葉享受了多年的好收成，但從18世紀60年代末開始，作物收成變得不穩(wěn)定，產(chǎn)量也大幅波動。1770年至1789年間，法國各地只有三個豐收季節(jié)。隨著每一代人的成長，農(nóng)民的農(nóng)田被分給了兒子們，所以到了17世紀末，許多鄉(xiāng)村的農(nóng)場都相當小，因此糧食產(chǎn)量很不穩(wěn)定。

The fear of famine prompted many French peasants to become protective over their access to bread. It was widely believed that the ability to feed oneself was a right that must be protected by the authorities. For this reason, the king of France had long been nicknamed "the first baker of the kingdom" and was expected to ensure that all his subjects had access to bread. If this right was not protected, such as in the case of bread prices rising beyond what most people could afford, many felt that it was their moral responsibility to act. This practice of ensuring that goods needed for survival were accessible to all would become known as a moral economy. Most people viewed this differently from outright thievery, as when prices rose too high, rioters who took bread or grain would often leave behind whatever price they felt was fair, a concept known as taxation populaire. Hoarding in times of difficulty was also seen as a cardinal sin; during the French Revolution, it was punishable by death.

? ? ? ? ? 對饑荒的恐懼促使許多法國農(nóng)民對他們獲得面包的機會產(chǎn)生了保護欲。人們普遍認為，養(yǎng)活自己是一種權利，必須受到當局的保護。由于這個原因，法國國王長期以來被稱為 "王國的第一面包師"，他被要求確保所有臣民都能獲得面包。如果這項權利沒有得到保護，例如在面包價格上漲超過大多數(shù)人的承受能力的情況下，許多人認為采取行動是他們的道義責任。這種確保所有人都能獲得生存所需物品的做法，被稱為道德經(jīng)濟。大多數(shù)人對這一做法的看法與公然偷竊不同，因為當價格上漲過高時，拿走面包或谷物的暴動者往往會留下他們認為公平的價格，這一概念被稱為人民稅。困難時期的囤積也被視為一種大罪；在法國大革命期間，這種囤積行為可被判處死刑。

Since the Middle Ages, this moral economy had been upheld by a series of regulations within the grain market, safeguarded by French authorities to guarantee accessibility to grain. These regulations included control on who could participate in the sale of grain and limitations in business transactions. Cultivators were prohibited from involving themselves any further within the grain market beyond selling the produce they had, for fear of certain entities becoming too powerful and monopolizing trade in any given region. For example, bakers could purchase enough grain to make their bread but were forbidden from reselling it. All trades had to be conducted in a public forum, and regulations ensured that bread prices remained fixed and never rose too high.

? ? ? ? ? 自中世紀以來，這種道德經(jīng)濟一直由糧食市場內(nèi)的一系列法規(guī)來維護，由法國當局保障糧食的可及性。這些規(guī)定包括對誰可以參與糧食銷售的控制和對商業(yè)交易的限制。耕種者除了出售他們的產(chǎn)品外，被禁止進一步參與糧食市場，因為當局者擔心某些實體變得過于強大，壟斷任何特定地區(qū)的貿(mào)易。例如，面包師可以購買足夠的糧食來制作面包，但他們禁止轉(zhuǎn)售糧食。所有的交易都必須在公共場合進行，法規(guī)確保面包價格保持固定，不會漲得太高。

安·羅伯特·雅克·杜爾哥與重農(nóng)主義

King Louis XVI of France (l. 1754-1793) came to the throne in May 1774, wanting to be loved. Yet the Flour War, breaking out less than a year into the start of his reign and mere weeks before his coronation, proved to be a rough start to both the young king's rule and his popularity. The root of the Flour War can be found with one of Louis' first actions as King, the appointment of 47-year-old economist Anne-Robert Jacques Turgot as his Controller-General.

? ? ? ? ? 法國國王路易十六（1754-1793）于1774年5月登上王位，他希望得到人民的愛戴。然而，在他開始執(zhí)政不到一年的時間里——在他加冕之前的幾個星期，面粉戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)了，這對年輕國王的統(tǒng)治和他的聲望都是一個艱難的開始。面粉戰(zhàn)爭的根源可以從路易作為國王的第一個行動中找到，即任命47歲的經(jīng)濟學家安·羅伯特·雅克·杜爾哥為他的總審計長。

Turgot was a proponent of the economic theory known as physiocracy, which advocated for a laissez-faire economic system. Physiocrats believed that an individual would work harder for his or her own benefit compared to the benefit of others, and laborers would be more productive for more profit, which would benefit consumers by providing more of a supply for their demand. This natural economy was inherent in the law of nature and was intended by God. Regulations such as those in the grain market were standing in the way of this natural order and therefore had to go so that "the economy could breathe the pure and heady air of market exchange" (Schama, 81).

? ? ? ? ? 杜爾哥是被稱為重農(nóng)主義經(jīng)濟理論的支持者，該理論主張自由放任的經(jīng)濟制度。重農(nóng)主義者認為，與他人的利益相比，個人會為了自己的利益而更加努力工作，勞動者會為了更多的利潤而提高生產(chǎn)力，這將通過為消費者的需求提供更多的供應而使他們受益。這種自然經(jīng)濟是自然法則中固有的，是上帝的旨意。諸如糧食市場上的規(guī)定是對這種自然秩序的阻礙，因此必須取消，以便 "經(jīng)濟能夠呼吸到市場交換的純凈和令人振奮的空氣"（Schama，81）。

Physiocratic measures had been taken in the 1760s when the ministers of Louis XV of France (r. 1715-1774) had last removed grain regulations. This was met almost immediately with shortage and localized riots in 1767 and 1768, and most regulations had been restored by 1770. Four years later, Turgot, faced with the enormous task of fixing the French economy, was still convinced that physiocracy could work in France. He believed that trade and manufacture would flourish under this system, and so, on 13 September 1774, Turgot abolished regulations and announced a free trade in grain.

? ? ? ? ? 18世紀60年代，法國路易十五（1715-1774）的大臣們?nèi)∠思Z食條例，采取了重農(nóng)學派的措施。這幾乎立即引發(fā)了1767年和1768年的糧食短缺與局部暴亂，到1770年，大多數(shù)規(guī)定都重新恢復了。四年后，杜爾哥面臨著修復法國經(jīng)濟的艱巨任務，他仍然相信重農(nóng)主義可以在法國發(fā)揮作用。他相信，在這種制度下，貿(mào)易和制造業(yè)將蓬勃發(fā)展，因此，1774年9月13日，杜爾哥廢除了各種規(guī)定，并宣布實行糧食自由貿(mào)易。

杜爾哥 (1727-1781) 的肖像，布面油畫，歸屬于 Antoine Graincourt，1782 年。

面粉戰(zhàn)爭

Turgot's edict was poorly timed, coming about just before the poor grain harvest of 1774. Although Turgot had been made aware of the unfavorable harvest conditions as early as August 1774, he had been unwilling to postpone his decree. The harvest had not been equally poor in every region of France; consequently, many merchants, no longer inhibited by grain regulations, began buying up the grain in areas that had fared better during harvest and selling them in harder-hit regions for marked-up prices. The attempt by these merchants to corner the market ensured that the food shortage issues of spring 1775 went from a problem affecting several regions to a countrywide emergency. For this reason, the ensuing Flour War became much more widespread than the riots of 1767-1768. The famine began to affect people quickly, and although the French government ordered food shipments from foreign countries, they would not arrive quickly enough.

? ? ? ? ? 杜爾哥的法令頒布的時機不佳，它是在1774年糧食歉收之前頒布的。盡管杜爾哥早在1774年8月就意識到了不利的收獲條件，但他不愿推遲法令。法國每個地區(qū)的收成都不盡相同；因此，許多商人不再受糧食法規(guī)的限制，開始在收成較好的地區(qū)購買糧食，并以高價將它們賣到受影響較大的地區(qū)。這些商人試圖壟斷市場，促使了1775年春天的糧食短缺問題從影響幾個地區(qū)的問題演變成了全國性的緊急情況。由于這個原因，隨后發(fā)生的面粉戰(zhàn)爭比1767-1768年的暴亂更為廣泛。饑荒開始迅速影響人們，盡管法國政府從外國訂購了糧食，但它們不會很快到達國內(nèi)。

On 15 March 1775, the first signs of unrest could be seen in Reims, the city that was preparing to host the coronation of Louis XVI the following June. Unnerved by the food shortage, a crowd of about 200 people formed outside a monastery, asking for reduced bread prices. The monastery doled out bread and the crowd dispersed without violence. A month later, as prices continued to spike, trouble broke out in the Burgundy region when a group of rioters sacked the home of a miller who had been accused of selling bad flour. When the miller went to hide in a friend's house, the rioters sacked the friend's house, too, before stopping a grain barge and forcing the merchants to sell their supply on the spot.

? ? ? ? ? 1775年3月15日，在蘭斯可以看到動亂的最初跡象，這個城市正準備在次年6月舉辦路易十六的加冕儀式。由于對食物短缺感到不安，約有200人在一座修道院外聚集，要求降低面包價格。修道院分發(fā)了面包，人群在沒有產(chǎn)生暴力行為的情況下散去。一個月后，由于面包價格繼續(xù)飆升，勃艮第地區(qū)發(fā)生暴亂，一群暴亂者洗劫了一個被指控出售劣質(zhì)面粉的磨坊主的家。當磨坊主躲到一個朋友的房子里時，暴亂者也洗劫了這個朋友的房子，他們還阻止了一艘運糧船，迫使商人當場出售糧食。

However, the Flour War only really kicked off in Beaumont-sur-Oise, a village in the Paris region. On 22 April, 1 setier (4.43 bushels) of wheat and rye grain was being sold for the high price of 26 livres in the village market. Villagers grumbled at such a price but still paid it if they could. Five days later, on 27 April, the market appeared to be well-stocked, and villagers believed that this would mean prices would have dropped. Far from receiving a discount, the villagers were shocked to see that grain was now being sold for 32 livres per setier. Outraged, arguments broke out between villagers and merchants, and the arguments soon flared into rioting. Rioters drove the merchants from their stalls and ransacked their displays. The rioters, adhering to taxation populaire, made sure not to steal the grain outright but to leave behind the amount of money they felt was the fair price to pay, which in this case was 12 livres per setier. After taking what they needed, the riot fizzled out on its own, and most people had gone home before the authorities had a chance to respond.

? ? ? ? ? 然而，面粉戰(zhàn)爭是在巴黎大區(qū)的一個村莊——瓦茲河畔博蒙拉開序幕的。4月22日，在村里的市場上，1setier（4.43蒲式耳）的小麥和黑麥谷物被以26里弗的高價出售。村民們對這樣的價格怨聲載道，但如果可以買到的話，他們還是會付錢。五天后，即4月27日，市場上似乎有充足的存貨，村民們認為這意味著糧食價格會下降。然而，村民們不僅沒有得到折扣，反而震驚地發(fā)現(xiàn)，現(xiàn)在糧食的售價是每套32里弗。憤怒的村民和商人之間爆發(fā)了爭論，爭論很快演變成了暴亂。騷亂者將商人從他們的攤位上趕走，并洗劫了他們的展品。騷亂者遵守人民稅的規(guī)定，確保不直接偷竊糧食，而是留下他們認為公平的價錢，在這種情況下，每套支付12里弗爾。在拿走他們需要的東西后，騷亂自行消失了；在當局作出反應之前，大多數(shù)人已經(jīng)回家了。

Early the next morning, 11 people from Beaumont-sur-Oise traveled to the town of Méru and told the townsfolk there what they had done. When the Méru market opened for business some hours later, the townsfolk followed their neighbors' example and rushed to pillage grain. The crowd, mostly made up of women, ripped sacks open with knives and scooped as much grain into their aprons as they could to carry home. Word of this riot spread as well, and the next day in the town of Pontoise, over a hundred people intercepted and ransacked several grain carts while also sacking the homes of six prominent grain and flour merchants.

? ? ? ? ? 第二天清晨，來自瓦茲河畔博蒙特的11人前往梅魯鎮(zhèn)，并告訴那里的鄉(xiāng)親們他們在瓦茲河畔博蒙特所做的一切。幾個小時后，當梅魯鎮(zhèn)市場開門營業(yè)時，人們學著鄰居的樣子，趕去搶奪糧食。這群人大多是婦女，她們用刀子撕開麻袋，并盡可能多地把糧食舀到圍裙里帶回家。這次騷亂的消息也傳開了，第二天在蓬圖瓦茲鎮(zhèn)，一百多人攔截并洗劫了幾輛運糧車，同時還洗劫了六個當?shù)赜忻墓任锖兔娣凵碳摇?/p>

In the days following the initial riot on 27 April, similar uprisings spread to other towns throughout the Paris region growing in number and intensity by the day. As scholar Cynthia Bouton succinctly put it, "once lit, the conflagration spread rapidly and in many directions at once" (Bouton, 92). From relative confinement in the Paris Basin, the riots would spread north into Normandy. On 3 May, a particularly intense riot broke out in Vernon, Normandy, when rioters attacked an important grain and flour magazine. Like their compatriots in other French towns, the Vernon rioters demanded lower prices, and when they started to become violent, the magazine's clerk closed and locked the door, refusing further sales. The rioters then began to attack the locked doors with scissors, knives, and even sledgehammers. They refused to stop, even after the police arrived, who responded by firing into the crowd and wounding 6 people. This only enraged the crowd further, and they threw stones at windows and assailed three mills before finally dispersing.

? ? ? ? ? 在4月27日最初暴動之后的幾天里，類似的暴亂蔓延到整個巴黎大區(qū)的其他城鎮(zhèn)，數(shù)量和強度與日俱增。正如學者辛西亞·A·布頓（Cynthia Bouton）所言，"一旦被點燃，火勢就會迅速蔓延，并同時向許多方向蔓延"（Bouton, 92）。騷亂從相對封閉的巴黎盆地，向北蔓延到諾曼底。5月3日，諾曼底的韋爾農(nóng)爆發(fā)了一場特別激烈的騷亂，騷亂者襲擊了當?shù)匾粋€重要的谷物和面粉庫。像他們在法國其他城鎮(zhèn)的同胞一樣，韋爾農(nóng)的暴亂者要求當局降低糧食價格。當他們開始變得暴力時，糧食社的店員關閉并鎖上了門，拒絕進一步銷售。然后，暴亂者開始用剪刀、刀子甚至大錘子攻擊鎖著的門。他們拒絕停止暴亂，甚至在警察到達后也是如此，警察的反應是向人群開槍，造成6人受傷。這只會進一步激怒人群，他們向窗戶投擲石塊，襲擊了三家工廠，最后才散去。

By 6 May, the daily riots hit their peak, reaching 14 markets and 42 separate villages on that day. Trouble had begun to boil into the countryside as well, with some brigands invading and ransacking lands belonging to simple farmers. These attacks were the exception, however, as most of the rioters focused their efforts and anger on profiteers, such as rich millers or members of parlements. Many rioters still adhered to taxation populaire and continued to leave behind 12 livres per setier even as they ransacked merchants' stalls. By 11 May, most of the riots had run their courses.

? ? ? ? ? 5月6日，每天的騷亂都達到了頂峰，當天有14個市場和42個獨立的村莊發(fā)生暴亂。麻煩也開始向農(nóng)村蔓延，一些強盜侵入并洗劫了屬于普通農(nóng)民的土地。然而，這些攻擊是例外，因為大多數(shù)暴亂者將他們的精力和憤怒集中在暴發(fā)戶身上，如富有的磨坊主或議會成員。許多暴動者仍然堅持支付人民稅，即使他們洗劫了商人的攤位，也繼續(xù)留下了每套12里弗爾的價錢。到5月11日，大多數(shù)暴亂已經(jīng)結束。

弗朗索瓦·菲利普·夏彭蒂埃（Fran?ois Philippe Charpentier）的《貧困家庭》，18 世紀末。

凡爾賽的暴亂和王室的反應

On 2 May, four days before the peak of the Flour War, it was reported to the king that thousands of rioters were marching on Versailles. Although a story later circulated that Louis XVI bravely opened the gates of Versailles to the rioters, faced the crowd upon a balcony, calmed them with sympathetic fatherly words, and he was met with joyful shouts of Vive le Roy! (Long live the King!), this chain of events is unlikely. Police records seemed to indicate that not only did the royal family evacuate Versailles for the safety of Fontainebleau, but the rioters were not even heading for the palace. Instead, they made for the royal flour stores.

? ? ? ? ? 5月2日，在面粉暴動高峰期的前四天，有人向國王報告說，成千上萬的暴亂者正在向凡爾賽進軍。盡管后來流傳著這樣一個故事：路易十六勇敢地向暴亂者打開了凡爾賽宮的大門，在陽臺上面對人群，用同情的話語安撫他們，而且他還得到了歡呼聲：Vive le Roy! (國王萬歲?。?，這一連串的事件是不可能的。警方的記錄似乎表明，不僅王室成員撤離了凡爾賽，前往安全的楓丹白露宮，而且暴亂者甚至沒有前往皇宮。相反，他們?nèi)チ嘶始颐娣蹅}庫。

The royal stores contained over 900 sacks of flour, some of which were periodically shipped to bakers as far away as Paris. 5,000 rioters managed to pillage half of these sacks before royal guards arrived to disperse them. To get the rioters to go home without violence, and fearful that they may still attack the palace itself, the Prince de Poix, military governor of Versailles, hastily promised to lower the price of flour to 2 sous a pound. This worked to lull the crowds, but news of this new discount quickly spread throughout Paris. The Prince de Poix was later reprimanded by Turgot for undermining his edict.

? ? ? ? ? 皇家倉庫中有900多袋面粉，其中一些定期運給遠在巴黎的面包師。5000名暴亂者在皇家衛(wèi)隊趕來驅(qū)散他們之前，設法掠奪了這些麻袋中的一半。為了讓暴亂者不實施暴力而回家，并擔心他們?nèi)詴u擊皇宮本身，凡爾賽軍事總督普瓦親王急忙承諾將面粉的價格降至每磅2蘇。這起到了安撫群眾的作用，但這個新折扣的消息很快就傳遍了巴黎。普瓦親王后來因為破壞了杜爾哥的法令而受到其訓斥。

At 8 am on 3 May, rioters from villages surrounding Paris entered the city and raided hundreds of bakeries. Before now, Parisian authorities had taken few courses of action; the lieutenant-general of the police, Jean-Charles-Pierre Lenoir, had only alerted the watch but had posted no guards and deployed no troops, despite multiple towns in the Paris region undergoing riots. Only after the Parisian riots on 3 May did French authorities muster a coordinated response. In the following days, around 25,000 soldiers were mobilized, some of them sent to patrol the countryside while others guarded marketplaces and bakery doors. Under the protection of the soldiers, the police were then free to start arresting suspects.

? ? ? ? ? 5月3日上午8點，來自巴黎周邊村莊的暴徒們進入城市，襲擊了數(shù)百家面包店。在此之前，巴黎當局幾乎沒有采取任何行動；盡管巴黎地區(qū)的多個城鎮(zhèn)發(fā)生了暴亂，但警察中將讓·查爾斯·皮埃爾·勒諾瓦（Jean-Charles-Pierre Lenoir）只是提醒人們注意，但沒有派人看守，也沒有部署軍隊。只有在5月3日的巴黎騷亂之后，法國當局才作出協(xié)調(diào)反應。在接下來的幾天里，大約有25000名士兵被動員起來，其中一些被派往農(nóng)村巡邏，另一些則守衛(wèi)在市場和面包店門口。在士兵的保護下，警察可以開始自由地逮捕嫌疑人。

Hoping that things would calm down in Reims in time for the king's coronation, Turgot ordered the mobilization of charity workshops in the city and along the route to Paris to provide disgruntled commoners with work. On 5 May, Louis XVI officially called for a swift and severe repression of the riots, and on 9 May, he offered a general amnesty to all rioters who returned their stolen goods in kind or in cash, except for any leaders or instigators. Because of the Crown's response as well as a general loss of momentum, the Flour War was over before 11 June 1775, the date of Louis XVI's coronation, although unrest remained high throughout the summer before the supply recovered.

? ? ? ? ? 杜爾哥希望蘭斯的局勢能在國王加冕典禮前平靜下來，他下令動員該市和通往巴黎的沿途的慈善工場，為心懷不滿的平民提供工作。5月5日，路易十六正式要求迅速、嚴厲地鎮(zhèn)壓暴亂，5月9日，他對所有以實物或現(xiàn)金形式歸還其贓物的暴亂者實行大赦，但任何領導人或煽動者除外。由于王室的回應以及暴動的普遍失勢，面粉暴動在1775年6月11日，即路易十六的加冕日之前就已經(jīng)結束了；盡管在糧食供應恢復之前，整個夏天的動亂仍然很嚴重。

父親的自我犧牲，雅克·薩布萊特（Jacques Sablet），18 世紀下半葉。

后果與遺留問題

Just as the king promised, the government's crackdown on Flour War rioters was indeed severe, at least when compared to previous, smaller-scale food riots. In previous riots, arrests usually only numbered in the dozens, with few prosecutions and light punishments. In the days following the Flour War, police arrested 548 people for their roles in the disturbances, 92% of the arrests taking place in the Paris region. French authorities sought out leaders and instigators to make examples out of, few of whom denied their involvement. Of the convicted riot leaders, two were condemned to hang, 15 to servitude as galley slaves (five of these were life sentences), and nine received sentences to royal prisons.

? ? ? ? ? 正如國王所承諾的那樣，政府對面粉戰(zhàn)爭暴亂者的鎮(zhèn)壓確實很嚴厲，至少與以前規(guī)模較小的糧食暴亂相比是如此。在以前的暴亂中，被捕者通常只有幾十人，被起訴的人很少，懲罰也很輕。在面粉暴動之后的幾天里，警方逮捕了548名在騷亂中的煽動者，92%的逮捕行動發(fā)生在巴黎大區(qū)。法國當局尋找暴動領導人和煽動者，殺雞儆猴，他們中很少有人否認自己的參與。在被定罪的騷亂領導人中，2人被判處絞刑，15人被判處作為船塢奴隸的勞役（其中5人被判處終身監(jiān)禁），9人被判處皇家監(jiān)獄的監(jiān)禁。

Turgot saw the riots as an attack against his position and the very concept of physiocracy itself. Pamphlets attacking his edicts circulated throughout the kingdom that summer, causing Turgot to see enemies everywhere and become convinced that the Flour War was nothing more than an elaborate conspiracy, where people were pretending to be hungry to embarrass him and his policies. Many of those arrested were subjected to interrogations about this supposed conspiracy to undermine free trade, but such interrogations revealed nothing. Turgot tried to save face by shifting the blame, calling for and receiving the resignation of Lieutenant-General of Police Lenoir, but it was clear his physiocratic experiment had failed for the time being. A year later, Turgot himself would be fired from the king's cabinet, for a variety of different reasons.

? ? ? ? ? 杜爾哥認為暴亂是對其地位和重農(nóng)主義概念本身的攻擊。那年夏天，攻擊法令的小冊子在整個王國流傳，這使杜爾哥認為到處都是敵人，并確信面粉暴動只不過是一個精心策劃的陰謀，人們假裝饑餓是為了讓他和他的政策難堪。許多被逮捕的人接受了關于這個所謂的破壞自由貿(mào)易的陰謀的審訊，但這種審訊什么也沒發(fā)現(xiàn)。杜爾哥試圖通過推卸責任來挽回面子，他要求并得到了警察局長勒諾爾的辭職，但很明顯，他的重農(nóng)主義實驗暫時失敗了。一年后，杜爾哥本人也因為各種不同的原因被國王的內(nèi)閣開除了。

Although Louis XVI tried to show solidarity with the poor by eating the lower-class maslin bread, a mix of wheat and rye, rather than the elite manchet white bread, many still blamed him for the food shortages. Some even adopted the Pacte de Famine conspiracy theory, which claimed that the king and other interest groups were purposely withholding grain from the masses in order to better control them. While the lower classes blamed the king, the upper classes blamed the riots on the moral decadence of the poor, believing that the poor desired chaos for chaos' sake. The social tensions exacerbated by the Flour War would only deepen over the course of the next decade.

? ? ? ? ? ?盡管路易十六試圖通過吃下層的馬斯林面包（一種小麥和黑麥的混合物）而不是精致的曼徹特白面包來表示對窮人的聲援，但許多人仍然將糧食短缺歸咎于他。一些人甚至采用了"饑荒條約"的陰謀論，聲稱國王和其他利益集團故意扣留大眾的糧食，以便更好地控制他們。下層階級指責國王，而上層階級則將騷亂歸咎于窮人的道德墮落，認為窮人為了混亂而渴望混亂。面粉暴動加劇的社會緊張局勢，在接下來的十年里只會愈發(fā)嚴重。

The Flour War was by no means the first, nor the most important food riot of the 18th century. It was a relatively bloodless affair, apart from the two executions, and did nothing to change the status quo. Yet coming so soon after the ascension of Louis XVI, the Flour War seemed to be one of the first warning signs that there was deep unrest not only in pockets of France but across much of the kingdom. In the succeeding years, as harvests failed to improve, bread riots would become more common, with one breaking out in the southern provinces in 1778, as well as in Normandy in 1784 and again in 1785. It could be said that the Flour War was therefore akin to the first drizzle of rain preceding the coming storm that was the French Revolution.

? ? ? ? ? ?面粉暴動絕不是18世紀的第一次、也不是最重要的食品暴動事件。除了兩起處決事件外，它是一個相對不血腥的事件，對改變現(xiàn)狀沒有任何作用。然而，在路易十六登基后不久，面粉暴動似乎是大革命爆發(fā)的第一批警告信號之一，這表明不僅在法國的局部地區(qū)，而且在整個王國的大部分地區(qū)都存在著嚴重的動蕩。在接下來的幾年里，由于糧食收成沒有改善，面包暴動變得越來越普遍，1778年在南部省份爆發(fā)了一次；1784年在諾曼底爆發(fā)，次年再次爆發(fā)。因此，可以說面粉暴動類似于法國大革命這場風暴來臨前的第一場細雨。