Syntax: it refers to different constituents combined to form sentences in a language.

?????? All and only: we create rules based on well-formed structures. And then, we have to apply these rules whether is applied logically or won’t lead to ill-formed structures.

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Deep/Surface Structure

Some superficially similar sentences are in fact different. For example, active voice and passive voice. I like the cat. The cat is liked by me.

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Some superficially different sentences are in fact similar. For example, I saw a girl who wore a pair of binoculars. By using a pair of binoculars, I saw a girl. These two deep sentences can be represented in the same surface structure form: I saw a girl with a pair of binoculars.

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Recursion: 1. To put another sentence inside it. 2. A phrase can be repeated endlessly.

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Back to recursion: it can be described as some phrase structure rules.

Tree Diagrams

Phrase Structure Rules

NP 1. Art (Adj) N ?2. PN? 3. Pro

VP 1. V NP (PP) (Adv)

S 1. NP VP

Lexical Rules

We rely on lexical rules to generate the grammatical sentences.

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Movement Rules

We should study hard. ?Should we study hard?

1.???? NP Aux VP???? Aux NP VP

2.?? ?Active voice transforms into passive voice

Active NP1 VP NP2???? NP2 be V-ed by NP1 (passive)