外刊精讀｜第十八篇｜原文

The west has broken its promises to developing countries – and we’re all paying the price

A summit in Paris this month offers a way to tackle this disastrous failure, but only if western leaders bother to turn up

Broken promises, missed opportunities and a failure to see the bigger picture: that’s the story of the west’s approach to developing countries in recent years. Money to help with climate breakdown has been?pledged but not delivered. Vaccines?have been hoarded. Aid budgets have been?cut.

From any perspective – be it geopolitical, economic, humanitarian or ecological – the indifference to what is happening elsewhere is disastrous. If the west wants to counter Beijing’s influence in?Africa, to secure the raw materials and metals it needs for its green industrial revolution, to prevent a debt crisis and to have any hope of tackling global heating, it needs to sharpen up its act fast.

No question, life in developed countries has been tough recently.?High inflation?has eroded living standards.?Rising interest rates?have made it harder for households and governments to service their debts. Money is tight. Everybody gets that.

But tough though life is in the west, it is a lot tougher in the developing and emerging world. As the World Bank made clear in its?update?on the global economy last week, poor countries are the biggest losers from the combined impact of the Covid pandemic, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the anti-inflationary measures taken by the US Federal Reserve and other western central banks. With good reason, developing countries view the protectionist elements of Joe Biden’s?Inflation Reduction Act, and Europe’s proposed response to it, with concern. They want to be part of the green industrial revolution, not excluded from it by self-serving policy decisions in Washington and Brussels.

While western countries have been pre-occupied with their own problems, the situation in the global south has been growing progressively darker. The UN goal of eradicating extreme poverty by 2030 will be comfortably?missed, the number of extreme weather events is increasing and the number of countries either in?debt distress?or on the verge of it is rising.

To make matters worse, the global financial system is broken. Poor countries that borrowed in US dollars are being punished because US interest rates are going up. Money from the World Bank was supposed to be the catalyst for a wave of private sector capital to finance?clean energy in Africa, but it isn’t arriving. A new system designed to speed up?debt relief?is unfit for purpose.

All of which makes Emmanuel Macron’s?development finance summit?in Paris later this month a much bigger deal than the average run-of-the-mill talkfest. Or it will be, if the leaders of the developed world bother to show up. Olaf Scholz, the German chancellor, plans to be there. But he is the only other G7 leader on the list of attendees.

Fair play to Macron. The French president realises that poor countries need more financial resources if they are to grow sustainably, and that there needs to be reform of the global financial system for this to happen.

It is not hard to sketch out what needs to be done. For a start, there is some low-hanging fruit to be picked. In 2009, developed countries promised they would provide?$100bn a year?by 2020 to help poor countries reduce greenhouse gas emissions and prepare for the impact of global heating. With one last push, the pledge could be met this year.

Likewise, during the height of the Covid pandemic, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) issued a $650bn tranche of special drawing rights (SDRs) – essentially a form of free money for member countries. Rich countries did not need the boost to their reserves provided by SDRs, even though they were the main beneficiaries, and were?urged by the IMF?to recycle $100bn to help poor countries. Again, the target could be hit with one last push.

Next, the World Bank needs an injection of fresh capital so that it can lend more to developing countries. Under its last president,?David Malpass, the bank was overly cautious. The new man at the helm,?Ajay Banga, needs to be a lot more ambitious.

It’s also vital that money from the World Bank and other multilateral lenders stimulates private investment in the green energy transition. This is not happening primarily because developing countries are seen as too risky, with the volatility of exchange rates potentially wiping out any returns on investment. To counter this risk, Avinash Persaud, advisor to Mia Mottley, the prime minister of Barbados, has proposed a new?foreign exchange guarantee agency. This would pool risks, reduce the cost of hedging and make projects to tackle the climate crisis more attractive to the private sector.

There was a time when a development finance summit would have been held in London, not Paris. That’s because Tony Blair and Gordon Brown took a real interest in development, and put pressure on other western leaders to take global poverty seriously. Yet the current signs are that?Rishi Sunak?won’t even attend Macron’s summit, but will send the development minister, Andrew Mitchell, instead.

Mitchell is one of the good guys. He cares about development and is well regarded by NGOs. But Sunak should make time to support Macron for two reasons. The first is tactical. Sunak is planning a?global summit?on AI safety in London in the autumn, but he is fooling himself if he thinks other leaders will turn up to his event if he can’t be bothered to attend theirs.

The second, and much more important, reason is that Macron is trying to do the right things. If he doesn’t get the full backing of countries such as Britain, his summit will be another missed opportunity.

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