美國(guó)海軍職業(yè)簡(jiǎn)要介紹 United States Navy ratings
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United States NAVy ratings?are general?enlisted?occupations?used by the?U.S. NAVy?since the 18th century, which denote the specific skills and abilities of the sailor. Each?nAVal rating?has its own specialty badge, which is worn on the left sleeve of dress uniforms of?enlisted?personnel. U.S. nAVal ratings are the equivalent of?military occupational specialty codes?(MOS codes) used by the?United States Army?and the?United States Marine Corps, the?ratings?system used by the?United States Coast Guard, and?Air Force Specialty Codes?(AFSC) used by the?United States Air Force?and?United States Space Force.
Ratings should not be confused with?rates, which describe the?NAVy's?enlisted rank and pay-grades. Enlisted service members (sailors) are often referred to by a combination of both their rating and their pay-grade. For example, if a sailor has the pay-grade of E-5 (rank of petty officer second class) and the rating of?boatswain's mate, then combining the two—boatswain's mate second class (BM2)—defines both rank and rating in formal address or epistolary salutation. Thus, boatswain's mate second class (BM2) would be that sailor's rate.
Sailors from pay-grades E-1 to E-3 hAVe no rates and are considered to be in APPrenticeships or training for a rating, thus the slang term "non-rates" when referring to them as a group. They are instead divided into five general occupational fields (airman, constructionman, fireman, hospitalman, or seaman). A Sailor actively working toward a specific rating is referred to as "striking for a rating" and is called a "striker".[1]
NAVal Officers: Although nAVal officers do specialize in various fields their occupations are classified according to?designators?for both officers of the line (e.g., line officers) and those of the professional?staff corps.
History
The U.S. NAVy's enlisted occupational system was a product of more than 200 years of NAVal evolution. The NAVy of the?United Colonies of the 1775?era offered only a few different jobs above the level of ordinary seaman. These included Boatswain's mate,?Quartermaster, and?Gunner's Mate.?These were titles of the jobs that individuals were actually performing and became the basis for?petty officers?and ratings. During this time, ship crews were taken from civilian life and enlisted for only one cruise, thus making the job at hand the primary consideration, rather than career possibilities. It was not until 1841 that distinguishing marks for a rating were prescribed in the Regulations of the?Secretary of the NAVy, but specialty marks were not added to enlisted men's uniforms until 1866. The marks consisted of the tools or instruments used in each rating's specific duty. The Master-at-Arms, the police officer of a ship, wore the star of authority and the Gunner's Mate wore two crossed cannons. Currently, all specialty marks for new ratings are APProved by the Permanent NAVal Uniform Board which is a division of the Bureau of NAVal Personnel.[3]
As the U.S. NAVy's rating system changed so did the U.S. NAVy. The first?steamship,?mine,?radar,?torpedo,?aircraft carrier, and many other "firsts" all established a new era in the NAVy, and each directly impacted the enlisted occupation structure. During?World War II, the U.S. NAVy also briefly maintained a rating of "Specialist", similar to the rank in the?U.S. Army. The rating of "Specialist" was discontinued in 1948.
Since the establishment of the rating system, the U.S. NAVy enlisted rating structure played a key role in career development, serving as a basis for training, detailing, advancement, and simply keeping tabs on several hundred thousand sailors.
Temporary end of ratings
Beginning in June 2016, then?Master Chief Petty Officer of the NAVy,?Michael D. Stevens, oversaw a review of the NAVy's existing enlisted rating system.[4]?After Stevens's retirement, a group of senior enlisted leaders came to the conclusion that the NAVy needed to replace its current enlisted system and announced the changes on 29 September 2016 with the release of NAVADMIN 218/16.?The changes would hAVe eliminated ratings in fAVor of the generic titles of "Seaman" (E-1 to E-3) or "Petty Officer" (E-4 to E-6) and accompanying NAVy Occupational Specialty (NOS) codes.?The NAVy stated that the decision was motivated by a desire to assist former sailors in obtaining employment after their nAVal service by making nAVal job titles more congruent with their civilian counterparts, as well as to make said titles more unisex.
However, the "overwhelmingly unpopular decision" was not well received as many sailors had grown accustomed and attached to their ratings, viewing them as a source of morale. Further, they had no desire to be unisex.?In response to widespread criticism, ratings were reinstated with immediate effect on 20 December 2016.?Former CNO?John Richardson?indicated he still intended to change the personnel system in the future; however, he stepped down in 2019, and there has since been no change.
Rating structure
The pay grades?E-4?(petty officer third class) through?E-9?(master chief petty officer) fall within the rating structure. It is further broken down into four types of ratings and classifications:
57 General ratings: consisting of broad occupational fields such as?boatswain's mate,?electronics technician,?machinist's mate,?fire controlman, etc.
37 Service ratings: which are made up of sub categories of general ratings that require further specialized training and qualifications. Service ratings are established, changed, or removed depending on service requirements and changes in the way personnel are manAGed.
4 Compression ratings (AF, AV, CU, CB): Identify the combining of several general or service ratings at paygrade E-9 (E-8 for CU) to form broader career fields when the occupational content is similar. These ratings exist only at the E-8/E-9 levels and are not identified previously as a general or service rating.
NAVy Enlisted Classifications?(NEC), which are alphanumeric codes attached to a specific rating and are frequently used to indicate specialized qualifications and Emergency ratings.
Emergency ratings, which are specific ratings that can be established in time of war and are distinguished by a letter of the alphabet enclosed in a diamond.
Paygrades E-1 through E-3 can also hAVe a rating abbreviation preceding their paygrade symbol if they are graduates of Class "A" schools; hAVe received the rating designation in a previous enlistment; are assigned to a billet in that specialty as a?striker; hAVe passed an advancement examination and not been selected for advancement for reasons of numeric limitations on advancements; or hAVe been reduced in rate because of punishment. Examples: BMSR is a boatswain's mate seaman recruit (paygrade E-1); MMFA is a machinist's mate fireman APPrentice (paygrade E-2); EOCN is an equipment operator constructionman (paygrade E-3). HN is hospitalman, which is a?hospital corpsman?with the paygrade of E-3.
AViation ratings
AViation boatswain's mate
AViation Boatswain's Mates are responsible for?aircraft catapults,?arresting gear?and barricades. They operate?fuel?and lube?oil?transfer systems, as well as direct aircraft on the?flight deck?and in hangar bays before launch and after recovery. They use tow tractors to position planes and operate?support equipment?used to start aircraft.
Air traffic controllers
Air traffic controllers assist with the speedy flow of air traffic by directing and controlling aircraft. They operate field lighting systems and communicate with aircraft. They furnish pilots with information regarding traffic,?nAVigation, and?weather?conditions, as well as operate and adjust?ground-controlled APProach?(GCA) systems and interpret targets on radar screens and plot aircraft positions.
AViation machinist's mate
AViation machinist's mates are usually assigned to billets concerned with the maintenance of?turbo-jet?aircraft engines and associated equipment. They are responsible for the maintenance and replacement of?aircraft engines?and accessories, as well as performing the duties of?flight engineers
AViation electrician's mate
AViation electrician's mates are responsible for aircraft electrical power generating and converting systems. They maintain lighting,?control, and indicating systems and can install as well as maintain?flight?and?engine instrument?systems.
Aerographer's mate
Aerographer's mates are the U.S. NAVy's weather forecasters. They are trained in?meteorology?and the use of aerological instruments that monitor?air pressure,?temperature,?humidity,?wind speed, and?direction. They prepare?weather maps?and?forecasts?and can analyze?atmospheric?conditions to determine the best flight levels for aircraft. An AG can measure wind and air density to aid the accuracy of?anti-aircraft?firing, shore?bombardment?and delivery of weapons by aircraft.
AViation structural mechanic
AViation structural mechanics are responsible for the maintenance of many aircraft parts such as wings, fuselAGe, tail, control surfaces, landing gear, and hydraulic systems. AME's maintain and repair oxygen, cockpit and cabin pressurization, and ejection seat systems.
AViation ordnancemen
AViation ordnancemen operate and handle AViation ordnance equipment. They are responsible for the maintenance of guns, bombs, torpedoes, rockets, and missiles. Their duties include the stowing, issuing, and loading of munitions and small arms.
AViation support equipment technician
AViation support equipment technicians perform intermediate maintenance on AViation accessory equipment at nAVal air stations and aboard aircraft carriers. They maintain gasoline and diesel engines, gas turbine compressor units and electrical systems
AViation electronics?technicians
AViation electronics technician
AViation electronics technicians are responsible for the maintenance of radars, AVionics, and nAVigation systems at all times. They do checks on equipment, and calibration of many AViation electronics systems on a regular basis.
NAVal aircrewman
NAVal aircrewman operate airborne radar and electronic equipment used in detecting, locating, and tracking submarines. They provide information for aircraft and surface nAVigation and act as helicopter-rescue crewmen, and function as part of the flight crew on long-range and intermediate-range aircraft.
Under the CNO-directed "Helicopter Master Plan", all 78XX and 94XX aircrewmen were re-designated as "AViation warfare systems operators".
The Full Time Support (FTS) and Selected Reserves (SELRES) components of the U.S. NAVal Reserves make up the largest number of Aircrew in today's NAVy.?
AViation maintenance administrationman
AViation maintenance administrationmen perform clerical, administrative, and manAGerial duties necessary to keep aircraft maintenance activities running smoothly. They schedule and coordinate the maintenance workload, including inspections and modifications to aircraft and equipment.
Aircrew survival equipmentman
Aircrew survival equipmentmen are survival equipment specialists and certified parachute riggers who oversee valuable life sAVing equipment, parachutes, and other special gear used by U.S. NAVal and Marine Corps special operations forces, NAVal Air Department, and the United States NAVy Parachute Team known as the "Leap frogs".?PRs operate and maintain carbon dioxide transfer and recharge equipment, operate and repair sewing machines as well as train aircrew and other personnel in parachute rigging and the use of safety and survival equipment.
As an Aircrew Survival Equipmentman (PR), you’re responsible for maintaining the safety equipment that could sAVe a NAVal AViator’s life in the event of an emergency. Your job responsibilities as a PR may include:
Inspecting, maintaining and repairing survival equipment, flight gear and protective clothing
Inspecting and testing oxygen regulators, converters and related equipment
Rigging, packing and repairing parachutes
Equipping and packing life rafts
Operating and maintaining sewing machines and performing fabric work necessary for survival equipment
Volunteering for aircrew duty
Notes
I^ : ABE, ABF, and ABH combine at paygrade E-9 to the rate of Master Chief AViation Boatswain's Mate (ABCM).
II^ : AM and AME combine at paygrade E-8 to the rate of Senior Chief Structural Mechanic (AMCS); AM, AME, and AD combine at paygrade E-9 to the rate of Master Chief Aircraft Maintenanceman (AFCM).
III^ : AE and AT combine at paygrade E-9 to the rate of Master Chief AVionics Technician (AVCM).
IV^ : In 2008, the AW rating merged with all other aircrew NEC's and changed their title from AViation warfare system operators to nAVal aircrewman.
Construction ratings
Medical rating
Administration, deck, technical, and weapons specialty ratings
Engineering and hull ratings
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http://www.history.nAVy.mil/AVh-1910/APP14.PDF
https://www.nAVy.com/careers/
