Fakhri’s report draws on decades of studies, as well as newer data from bodies including the UN’s World Food Programme and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. The report describes the relationship between violence in various forms, including sexual and?gender-based violence, and food insecurity. Conflicts endanger food?security?when, for example, crops are destroyed or food supplies are?disrupted — things that have happened, and continue to happen, in wars from Mali to Myanmar. Coercive measures, such as international?economic?sanctions against warring countries, also contribute to hunger. The evidence,?according to the report, is that ‘targeted’?sanctions?disrupt?food systems, too.

Fakhri的報告借鑒了數(shù)十年的研究，以及來自聯(lián)合國世界糧食計劃署和聯(lián)合國糧食及農(nóng)業(yè)組織等機構的最新數(shù)據(jù)。該報告描述了包括性暴力和基于性別的暴力在內(nèi)的各種形式的暴力與糧食不安全之間的關系。沖突危及糧食安全，例如，當作物被毀或糧食供應中斷時——從馬里到緬甸的戰(zhàn)爭中，這種情況已經(jīng)發(fā)生，并將繼續(xù)發(fā)生。對交戰(zhàn)國的國際經(jīng)濟制裁等強制性措施也助長了饑餓。報告指出，有證據(jù)表明，“有針對性”的制裁也會破壞糧食系統(tǒng)。

The UN special rapporteur’s report also brings home how?global?economic?events are exacerbating hunger and food insecurity. Food prices have rocketed in most places, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In the rich countries that are members of the Organisation for?Economic?Co-operation and Development, food-price?inflation?dropped to around 12% on average in April, but it?remains?much higher in a?number of LMICs — 81% in Lebanon, 27% in Egypt and 30.5% in Zimbabwe,?according to World Bank data published last month. That is down to?factors such as the COVID?19 pandemic and Russia’s?invasion?of Ukraine. The war affected the?global?supply of?staple?crops — before the?invasion, Russia and Ukraine together grew one-third of the world’s wheat. The?global?spike in energy prices is also affecting the ability of the poorest families to use gas and other fuels for cooking.

聯(lián)合國特別報告員的報告還揭示了全球經(jīng)濟事件是如何加劇饑餓和糧食不安全的。食品價格在大多數(shù)地方都在飆升，尤其是在低收入和中等收入國家。根據(jù)世界銀行上個月公布的數(shù)據(jù)，在經(jīng)濟合作與發(fā)展組織的富裕國家中，食品價格四月份的平均通脹率降至12%左右，但在一些中低收入國家中，食品價格的通脹率仍然高得多——黎巴嫩為81%，埃及為27%，津巴布韋為30.5%。這是由于COVID - 19大流行和俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭等因素造成的。戰(zhàn)爭影響了全球主要作物的供應——在入侵之前，俄羅斯和烏克蘭的小麥產(chǎn)量占世界的三分之一。全球能源價格的飆升也影響了最貧困家庭使用天然氣和其他燃料做飯的能力。