?

?

1.1????? ?

2231011224葉興宏

?Warm-up Qs.

1.???????? Do you admire any great political figures or statesmen both at home and abroad? Who are they?????????????????????????????????????????? And why?

?

References:

Zhou Enlai was one of the major leaders of the Chinese Communist movement. He was the first premier of the People's Republic of China, a post he held until his death in 1976. He was educated in Japan and Europe and achieved high rank in the Communist movement at an early age. He was well known as a skilled international negotiator.

The Chinese revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen had a tremendous impact on the development of modern China. Sun was the catalyst（化劑） in the overthrow of Manchu rule. As prime minister of Britain during World War II, Churchill roused the British to stand against

Nazi Germany. The sight of Churchill, with his cigar and two fingers raised in a "V for victory" salute, inspired Britons to rise to what he called "their finest hour."

Napoleon Bonaparte was the greatest military genius of the 19th century. He conquered most of Western Europe and Egypt for France, while instituting reforms in these new territories aimed at guaranteeing civil liberties and improving the quality of life. He crowned himself emperor of France in 1804 and introduced reforms intended to unify the revolution-fractured nation. Many of Napoleon's reforms are still in effect today.

?

2.????? Of the American presidents, how many do you know? Can you recognize the people in the following pictures and say something about them?

?

References:

George Washington 華盛頓 (1732-1799): Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution, statesman and first President of the United States, born in Westmoreland County, Virginia on February 22, 1732.

Abraham Lincoln 林肯 (1809-1865): the 16th President of the United States, born on February

?

12, 1809 in a backwoods cabin three miles south of Hodgenville, Kentucky, preserved the Union during the Civil War and brought about the emancipation of the slaves.

Franklin D. Roosevelt 羅斯福 (1882-1945): the 32nd President of the United States; elected four times; instituted New Deal to counter the great depression and led country during World War II.

Bill Clinton 克林頓 (1946-): the 42nd President of the United States (1993-1996) and the first president born after World War II, elected to a second term in 1996.

?

1.2? Read & Discuss

Directions: How much do you know about Thomas Jefferson's personality? Now read a short story about him and then discuss it in small groups.

Dirty Farmer?

While serving as America's vice president, Thomas Jefferson, dressed in dirty working clothes, entered Baltimore's finest hotel one evening and asked for a room. [E-C]The owner, a certain Mr. Boyden, turned him away. （turn away: 禁止入內(nèi)）

Soon thereafter Boyden, informed of the identity of his distinguished visitor, promptly

dispatched several servants to find him and offer as many rooms as his heart desired. [E-C] Jefferson, having found a room in another hotel, sent Boyden's representative away with the following message: "Tell Boyden that I value his good intentions highly, but if he has no room for a dirty farmer, he shall have none for the vice president."

?

1.3? A Brief Introduction to Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) is best remembered as a great President and as the author of the Declaration of Independence. He also won lasting fame as a diplomat, a political thinker, and a founder of the Democratic Party.

Jefferson's interests and talents covered an amazing range. He became one of the leading American architects of his time and designed the Virginia Capitol, the University of Virginia, and his own home, Monticello. He greatly appreciated art and music and tried to encourage their advancement in the United States.

Jefferson invented a decoding device, a lap desk, and an improved type of moldboard plow. His collection of more than 6400 books became a major part of the Library of Congress. Jefferson revised Virginia's laws and founded its state university. He developed the decimal system of coinage that allows Americans to keep accounts in dollars and cents.

Jefferson did not consider himself a professional politician. Instead, he regarded himself as a public-spirited citizen and a broadminded, practical thinker. He preferred his family, his books, and his farms to public life. But he spent most of his career in public office and made his greatest contribution to his country in the field of politics.

?

1.4? Jefferson's Chronology

Date

Event

13 Apr. 1743

Born at Shadwell, Goochland County (now Albemarle Country), Virginia.

1762

Attended the College of William and Mary, where he studied law.

1769

Joined the Virginia colonial legislature (立法機構(gòu)).

?

1770

Began to build ? a mansion home he designed, call Monticello.

1772

Married a well-to-do (rich/well-off) widow, Martha Wayles Skelton. They had six

children. Only two daughters lived to be adults.

1776

Asked by the Continental Congress in Philadelphia to draft the Declaration of

Independence.

1776-1779

Represented the state of Virginia at the Continental Congress.

1779-1781

Chosen as the governor of Virginia.

1782

His wife Martha Died.

1785-1789

Acted as American minister to France.

1789-1793

Served as the nation’s first secretary of state under President George Washington.

1797-1801

Served as vice President under John Adams.

1801-1809

Became the President of the United States.

1819

Founded the University of Virginia.

4 July, 1826

Died on the ? 50th anniversary of the ? Declaration of Independence.

?

1.5? The Declaration of Independence

In April 1775, colonists in Massachusetts took up arms against British troops. The American Revolution had begun. The following year, the Continental Congress in Philadelphia asked Jefferson to write a document declaring America's independence from Britain.

The Continental Congress approved Jefferson's work with few changes. The Declaration of Independence was adopted on July 4, 1776. The bonds that tied the colonies to Britain were broken.

Jefferson wanted the reasons for America's independence stated clearly so the world would understand. He wrote "all men are created equal," with rights to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." Governments are created to secure people's rights. The people could change a government that no longer protected their rights.

?

1.6? Jefferson and the French Revolution

Jefferson served as minister to France from 1785 to 1789 when revolution was imminent in France. He sympathized with the revolution, feeling it was similar in purpose to the American Revolution. Thanks to his political writings and his legal reforms in Virginia, French reformers regarded Jefferson as a champion of liberty. Marquis de Lafayette, who had fought for America’s Independence, and other advocates of democratic principles often sought his advice.

?

?

2.1?

?

things

?Part Division of the Text

Parts

Lines

Main?? Ideas

1

1 — 3

A brief introduction to Thomas Jefferson.

2

4 — 43

Some ?????????????????????? given by Thomas Jefferson.

3

44 — 62

His?? ????????????? in many fields and his?? ?????????????? to USA.

?

2.2? Questions and Answers

?

1.?? Why is Thomas Jefferson less famous than George Washington and Abraham Lincoln?

Washington is well-known for his leadership in the American ????????????? ?War. Lincoln is

well-known for his role in abolishing ????????????? in the United States.

2.?? Why do we associate the name of Thomas Jefferson with the Declaration of Independence?

He was the??? ????????????? of the Declaration of Independence.

3.?? Why was Jefferson chosen to write the Declaration of Independence?

He was a good and tireless ????????????? whose complete ?????? fill more than fifty volumes.

4.?? What was Jefferson’s ? attitude towards “people of humble origins”?

In a day when few??? ?????????????? persons ever spoke to those of humble origins except to give an order, he went out of his way to talk with??????????? ????? ,???????????? ??????????? , and?????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ,

looked into their??? ???????????????????????????? and ate their?? ????????????? .

5.?? Why did he insist upon having a free press?

A free press could tell the ????????????? .

6.?? What was the philosophy underlying Jefferson’s determination never to answer his critics?

There were two sides to every question. If one????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????? , those who????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ?would of course resent his actions. So he believed in????????????? ??? rather than unquestioning ????????????? .

7.?? Why does the author say that American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson?

Because Jefferson believed that only ? a nation of educated ???????????????????????????? .

?

independence

? ?

actor

? ?

writer

? ?

writer

? ?

works

? ?

noble

? ?

gardeners

? ?

servant

? ?

waiters

? ?

cooking

? ?

bread

? ?

t ruth

?

2.3?

?

t ake one side with decision and act on it with effect

? ?

t ake the other side

? ?

people could remain free

?Further Understanding for Parts 2~3

1.????? Background Information for Some Key Words

The James River is a river, about 547 km (340 m) long, rising in central Virginia and flowing eastward into the Chesapeake Bay. The river is navigable to Richmond for large craft. It was named after James I, King of England from 1603 to 1625.

A canoe is a relatively small boat, typically human-powered, but also commonly sailed. Canoes are pointed at both ends and usually open on top.

Marquis de Lafayette (1757-1834) was a French general and statesman. Born to a wealthy noble family, he was a young man when he sailed to America to help in the American Revolution. He also commanded the National Guard (國民自衛(wèi)軍) and played an important role in the French Revolution.

Philadelphia is the largest city of Pennsylvania. Founded in 1682, Philadelphia is known as the Birthplace of the Nation because of its role in America's struggle for independence from Britain. Both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States were drafted in the city and signed in Philadelphia's historic Independence Hall. The name Philadelphia was derived from the Greek words meaning “city of brotherly love." Modern Philadelphia has worked hard to become one of the great commercial, cultural, and educational centers in the United States.

?

2.????? Table Completion

Directions: In these two parts, the writer tells us something about Jefferson’s principles and his contributions to USA. Complete the following table with the information from the text.

?

his attitude to learning

?

his opinion on judgment

?

his way of doing things

?

his attitude to the future and the young

?

his contributions to USA

1.? an expert in ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

2.? a??? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? writer

3.? a man who made great ? contribution to ?

?

Jefferson died long ago, but many of his ideas are still of great interest…

?

*** Words and phrases ***

?

3.1? obtain:?? vt. get through effort

I obtained this record for you with difficulty.

你可以從當(dāng)?shù)貓D書館得到有關(guān)簽證和護照的信息。

?

information about visa and passports

? ?

obtained form your lacal library

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? can be ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? .

CF: get, obtain, achieve & acquire 這些動詞均有“得到，獲得，取得”的意思。

get?? 是最常用、最口語化的詞?？梢灾敢匀魏畏绞降玫侥澄铮ǚe極主動或消極被動），并不強調(diào)通過預(yù)先的或主觀的努力，與具體名詞和抽象名詞均可搭配。

obtain?? 為正式用語，指經(jīng)過長時間的努力或有計劃的行動而得到所希望得到的東西或達到預(yù)定的目標(biāo)。

achieve?? 表示克服困難之后取得成功或?qū)崿F(xiàn)預(yù)期目標(biāo)。

acquire??? 指經(jīng)過一定努力或一定過程，使原有的東西獲得更多，并成為永久所有；也指一點點地慢慢地通過長期不懈的努力而獲得諸如知識、才干、良好習(xí)慣等。常與抽象名詞搭配。

Exercise: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.

1.?

?

achieves

?She finally?? ????????????? her ambition to visit China.

2.?

?

get

? ?

acquire

?First editions of these books are now almost impossible to??? ????????????? .

?

3.? It usually takes four years to

????????????? a degree at a university.

?

4.? I've been working all day, but I feel as if I've

????????????? nothing.

?

5.?

?

got

?They realized that only through struggle could they

????????????? their rights.

?

6.?

?

obtain

? ?

acquire

?It took him a long time to??? ????????????? the skills he needed to become a professional artist.

3.2? source: n. place from which sth. comes; place where a river starts

They get their money from various sources.

萊茵河的源頭在哪里？Where does the Rhine have its source?

CF: source & origin??? 這兩個名詞均有“根源，起因”之意。

source? 原指“水源”，轉(zhuǎn)義指事物的“根源，起因或出處”。例如：

?

水是在源頭還是下游受到污染

? ?

那口井是所有感染病的源頭

? ?

The origins of some words are unkonwn

?Is the water polluted at source or further downstream? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? That well is the source of all the cases of infection. ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? . origin 指事物始于某時或某處，或由其產(chǎn)生另一事，即“起源，起因，由來”，有時也指“出身，血統(tǒng)”。如：

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? . 有些詞的起源不為人所知。

?

He never forgot his humble beginnings

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? . 他從未忘記過自己出身卑微。

?

3.3? personal: adj. done in person; belonging to a person

?

?

matter

? ?

problem

?The manager will make a personal visit to the supermarket.這是個人愛好問題。It’s a matter of personal preference. Collocation:

?

personal

????????????? 私事

a personal

????????????? 個人隱私問題

?

?

eamil

?a personal??? ????????????? 私人信件

personal

????????????? 親自拜訪

?

3.4? ?

visiting

?appoint:?? vt. choose (someone) for a position, job, etc.

Who will be appointed to the chairmanship when Mr. White leaves? The company has appointed a new sales director.

Pattern: appoint sb. as???? / appoint sb. (to do) sth.?? /??? appoint sb. to (a job, post, position, etc.)

CF: appoint & name?????? 這兩個動詞均有“任命，委任”之意。

appoint??? 通常指不經(jīng)過選擇的官方委任。例如：

?

他被委派到那個空缺的位置

?He was appointed to the vacant post. ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

We must appoint somebody to act as secretary. 我們得指定一個人當(dāng)秘書。

name???????? 普通用詞，著重任命的結(jié)果，而不是過程。例如：

He was named captain of the team. 他被任命為隊長。

3.5? on the spot: at the place of action

Whenever she's needed, she's quickly on the spot.

The police were called and they were on the spot within three minutes.

3.6? by birth: so far as family origin or nationality is concerned

My parents are both Indian by birth, but they have American citizenship. He is British by birth, although he was born in France.

NB: birth 除了與 by 搭配構(gòu)成短語 by birth 以外，常見的短語還有： give birth??????? “生孩子；產(chǎn)仔”???? give birth to “生（孩子）；產(chǎn)生；引起” 3.7 humble:???? adj.

1)?? low in position: e.g. Even when she became rich and famous, she never forgot her humble background.

?

School provides the excellent education for humble kids.

?學(xué)校為出身貧賤的孩子提供了很好的教育。

2)?? having a modest opinion of oneself

In my humble opinion，we should never have bought the car in the first place.

3.8? go out of one’s way (to do sth.): take particular trouble or make a special effort (to do sth.)

e.g. Both parties are going out of their way to reach a compromise.

It was good of you to go out of your way to meet us at the station.

3.9? threaten:?? v. hang over dangerously; utter a threat against

e.g. It’s no use threatening me ─ I’m not going to do it.

他們每次爭吵時，他妻子總是威脅說要離開他。

?

his wi fe always threantens to leave him.

?Every time they have an argument, ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

Pattern:?????? threaten sb. with sth.???? /????? be threatened to do sth.

3.10? reject: vt. refuse to take, believe, use or consider

We rejected his idea for a music club, and decided to have an art club instead.

他向她求婚, 她拒絕了。She rejected his offer of marriage.

CF: reject, refuse & decline 這三個動詞均含“拒絕”之意。

reject?????? 多指由于某物某事某行為不能讓人滿意而被當(dāng)面直截了當(dāng)?shù)鼐芙^。

refuse???? 語氣較重，指態(tài)度堅決，肯定無疑的拒絕。

decline?? 指婉言謝絕他人的幫助或邀請等。

Exercise: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.

?

?

1.?

?

refuse

? ?

decline

?He asked me to give him another loan, but I??? ????????????? .

?

2.? The army doctors

????????????? several recruits as unfit.

?

3.?

?

reject

? ?

declining

?When asked to comment on details of the agreement, she??? ????????????? .

?

4.? He's in trouble but he's

????????????? all my offers of help.

?

5.?

?

decline

?We?? ????????????? his offer of a lift.

3.11?

?

The accidentcaused by human error.

?error: n. mistake; sth. done wrongly e.g. He found several errors in his manuscript.這次事故是由人為過錯造成的。??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 3.12 false: adj. not true or correct

Someone shouted “fire”, but in fact it was a false alarm and there were no signs of fire. [E-C] She was charged with giving false evidence in court.

Collocation:

?

accusation

? ?

charge

? ?

evidence

?a false?? ????????????? /??? ????????????? 誣告

?

bear / give false

????????????? 作假證

?

3.13? hesitate: vi.?? feel doubtful; be undecided e.g. I'd hesitate before accepting such an offer.

我們不惜為國獻身,更不必說吃點苦了。

?

We are willing to die

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? for our country, let alone suffer some hardships.

3.14? prefer:? vt. choose sth. rather than sth. else; like sth. better

He usually prefers classical music to rock. Which do you prefer, black coffee or tea? Pattern:

prefer to sth.?? /????? prefer to do sth.?? /????? prefer sb. to do sth.

prefer to+ v. rather than + do sth.? /????? prefer + that-clause (should be/be) 3.15 latter: adj. nearer to the end e.g. The latter point was of great importance.兩者中后者比前者好得多。Of the two the latter is far better than the former.

?

Many people agree with the former but I like the l atter.

?NB:常與the latter 搭配使用的是the former “前者的（兩者中先提到的）” 例如：

很多人都贊成前一種辦法,? 但我個人喜歡后一種。

?

后半生

?Jack and Bill are twins, but the latter is taller than the former.杰克和比爾是孿生兄弟，不過比爾個子要高點。 Collocation:

?

下半月

? ?

夏末

?the latter part of his life????????????????????????????? ?the latter half of the month?????????????? ?the latter days of summer?????????????????????????????????? ?3.16 conflict:

1.? vi.?? be opposed; clash:?? e.g. The statements of the two witnesses’ conflict.

?

are opposed to us

?他們對事件的說法與我們的說法截然不同。Their account of events????? ???????????????????????????? .

2.? n. disagreement; clash; fight

Some people feel there is a great deal of conflict between religion and science. The two companies come into frequent conflicts as a result of competition.

?

肢體沖突

? ?

與 起沖突

?Collocation:

?

?

利益沖突

?conflict of interest ????????????????

?

內(nèi)部沖突

?an inner conflict??????????????

an armed conflict?????????????? ?in conflict with??

?

?

3.17? agreement: n. having the same opinion; thinking in the same way

?

?

?

They are basically in agreement on this matter.

?

agreed

?我們同意他們的決定。We are

with their decision.

?

3.18? act on:?? act according to The police are acting on information received.

?

conjecture

?他總是憑猜想行事。He always acts on???? ???????????????????????????? .

3.19? resent:?? vt.??? feel angry or bitter at

?

become the center of attention

?e.g. I bitterly resent your criticism. 我對你的批評十分反感。

我們對他成為令人注目的中心人物感到忿恨。We resent his??? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? .

Pattern:?????? resent doing sth.??????????? resent sb./sth. doing

3.20? action: n. the process of doing things; sth. Done???? e.g. Her quick action saved his life.

?

consistent

?一個演員的臺詞和動作應(yīng)當(dāng)一致。An actor’s words and actions should??? ????????????? .

3.21? custom: n. established socially accepted practice

In my country, it's the custom (for women) to get married in red.

這樣做法是某些外國人的習(xí)慣。It is the custom with / of certain foreigners to do so.

CF: custom, convention & tradition 這三個名詞均含有“習(xí)慣，風(fēng)俗，傳統(tǒng)”之意。

custom 指一個國家、一個民族、一個地區(qū)或一個社會的習(xí)慣、行為方式或風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣，也可指個人的習(xí)慣。例如：

?

I t ' s difficult to adapt to the customs of another country

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 要適應(yīng)另一國家的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣是很困難的。

It is my custom to rise early. 早起是我的習(xí)慣。

convention 多指約定俗成的行為方式, 規(guī)則或公認(rèn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，或指藝術(shù)上公認(rèn)的技巧。例如： Convention dictates that a minister should resign in such a situation. 依照常規(guī)大臣在這種情況下應(yīng)該辭職。 tradition 廣義指世代相傳的倫理、行為規(guī)范和生活方式，特指因長久奉行而幾乎具有法律效力的習(xí)慣、習(xí)俗，側(cè)重歷史意義。例如：

By tradition, people play practical jokes on 1 April. 按照傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)俗, 4 月 1 日是可以開玩笑的。

3.22? leave behind:?? abandon; fail to take or bring along

e.g. I think I’ll leave my heavy coat behind; I shan’t need it on holiday.

?

The plane was about to t ake off and I leave my ticket behind.

?飛機就要起飛了，我卻忘了帶票。?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

Pattern:?? leave…for (去/向)/ leave out of / leave…to… / leave with

3.23? superior: adj. good or better in quality or value The government troops were superior in numbers.

這種布比那種好。This cloth is superior to that.

Collocation:

be superior in 在…方面占優(yōu)勢??????? be superior to 優(yōu)于…的；高于…的

NB: superior 的反義詞是 inferior， “下等的、劣等的”， 常用的搭配是 “be inferior to”， 如：

These products are inferior to those we bought last year. 這些產(chǎn)品比我們?nèi)ツ曩I的質(zhì)量差。

?

Woman aren' t inferior to man.

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?女人并不比男人差。

3.24? existence:?? n. the state of existing

Many people question the existence of God.

The original manuscripts of Shakespeare’s plays are no longer in existence. Collocation:

?

lead / have a certain existence 過某種生活

earn one’s own existence 自謀生計

bring / call into existence 使產(chǎn)生；使成立

come into existence 開始存在；產(chǎn)生；成立

in existence 存在的；現(xiàn)存的；現(xiàn)有的

?

?

3.25? influence:

1.? vt. have an effect on?? 影響

?

?

She's very good at making friends and influencing people.

?

Public opinion i s often influenced by the mass media.

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? 公眾的觀點常常受大眾媒介的影響。

2.? n. power to affect sth. or sb.???? 影響, 影響力

The two main influences in a child’s development are the family and the school. My teacher's influence made me study science at college.

Collocation:

have a great / good / bad influence upon / on… 對…有很大 / 好 / 壞的影響

have influence over 對…有影響力???????????? under the influence of 在…的影響下

CF: influence, affect & impress 這三個動詞均含“影響”之意。

influence?????? 側(cè)重思想、性格、行為等方面所產(chǎn)生的潛移默化的影響，也可指自然力的影響。

affect??????????? 主語通常是物而不是人，指一物對另一物產(chǎn)生的消極影響。

impress????????? 強調(diào)影響既深刻又持久,? 所以通常指留下印象

?

affected

?Exercise: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.

?

1.? The tax increases have

????????????? us all.

?

2.? Your mother was clearly not

????????????? by our behaviour in the restaurant.

?

3.?

?

influence

? ?

impress

?He tried to?? ????????????? me with his extensive knowledge of wine.

4.?

?

influenced

?Don’t let yourself be??? ????????????? by what she said.

5.?

?

affects

? ?

impress

?The divorce???? ????????????? every aspect of her life.

?

6.? The sights of the city never fail to

????????????? foreign tourists.

?

3.26? constantly: adv. continuously; frequently?????? e.g. She has the television on constantly.

?

constantly destoried

?這地區(qū)經(jīng)常遭到旱災(zāi)。The area was??? ???????????????????????????? by drought.

3.27?

?

What about the perform of new car.

?perform: v.?? do, carry out??? e.g. Computers can perform a variety of tasks.

新汽車性能如何? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

3.28? above all:?? most important of all

Never waste anything, but above all never waste time. Children need many things, but above all they need attention.

NB: 與 “above all”?? 有相似意義的表達方式有：

first???? /??? first of all???? / firstly?? /??? for one thing?? /??? in the first instance /??? in the first place

3.29? owe sth. to:

1)????????? believe (something) to be the result of (something):??? e.g. I owe my success to my education.

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? He owed his success to luck more than to capacity.

2)????????? feel gratitude/gratefulness (to sb.) in return for a service, favour, etc.

e.g. He owes his life to the doctor at the hospital.

我深深感激師長與父母。I owe my teachers and parents??? ?????????????????????????????????????????? .

?

*** Structure, paragraphs and sentences ***

?

3.30? What does this sentence imply? 【L5-6】

He is a person of foresight. Many of his ideas are not??? ???????????????????????????? .

3.31? Explain the grammatical structure of the sentence. 【L7-8】

1)???? 主句 Jefferson believed 為一般過去時，而后面從句卻用了一般現(xiàn)在時，說明敘述的內(nèi)容為???????????????????????????????????? 。

2)???? 謂語動詞的 believed 引導(dǎo)兩個由 that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句, 在非正式文體中，引導(dǎo)第一個賓語從句的 that 一般可省略，第二個則不能省略，以免引起歧義。

?

?

An Example:

The boys learned yesterday that the planets are circling about the sun.

More Examples:

I understand (that) you have studied Chinese, and that you have written Chinese poetry. She denied (that) she had seen the man and that she had been in touch with him.

3.32? Translate the sentence into Chinese. 【L7-8】

杰斐遜認(rèn)為， ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

3.33??????? What’s the function of “while” in this sentence? 【L11-13】

Here “while” means “whereas”, introducing sth. different.

More Examples:

Jane was dressed in brown while Mary was dressed in blue. You like sports, while I’d rather read.

3.35? Paraphrase the sentence. 【L14-15】

Judging by his family and educational background, Jefferson was a member of the group with top social status.

3.36? Translate the sentence into Chinese. 【L14-15】

3.37? What’s the implied meaning of the sentence?【L15-17】

The noble persons thought they were superior and looked down upon the people of humble origins and regarded talking with those people as degrading. But sometimes they had to because they had to order those people to do things for them.

3.38? Translate the sentence into Chinese. 【L15-17】

?

3.39? What’s the grammatical function of “if you will only do this”?【L19-21】

一般說來，if? 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句中表示將來用一般現(xiàn)在時，而不用將來時，但這里的 will

不是將來時，而表示一種現(xiàn)在的意圖、意愿、決心等。

An Example: If you will give up smoking, your health will improve.

3.40? Paraphrase this sentence.【L22-23】

Jefferson didn’t ?????????????? accept other people’s likes or dislikes without careful independent thought.

3.41? Translate the sentence into Chinese. 【L22-23】

3.42? Analyze the structure of the sentence. 【L27-29】

Were it left to me to decide 等于 If it were left to me to decide.

在虛擬條件狀語從句中，如果從句中有 should, were 或助動詞 had 時，可省略 if，將這些詞提到句首，主謂語用部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。More Examples:

Should we want to accelerate the motion, we should have to exert some force. Had you told me the matter earlier, I would not have done the foolish thing.

3.43? What does the sentence imply? 【L27-29】

Jefferson was by no means an anarchist (無政府主義者) who wished to abolish all established governments. He was noted for his belief, though, that governments should play the smallest possible role in national life.

3.44? What’s the implied meaning of the sentence? 【L40-43】

?

?

The author is an optimist. He believes the young and can always keep up with the times.

3.45? Paraphrase this sentence. 【L40-43】

Jefferson thought that people nowadays should never be limited to out-of-date customs.

3.46 What’s the grammatical function of “chain”? 【L40-43】 Here chain is used figuratively, meaning “bind or restrain.” 3.47 Translate the sentence into Chinese. 【L40-43】

3.48? Paraphrase the sentence. 【L47-49】

A great deal of pain and suffering has been caused by worrying about bad things which never came to pass, forgetting the fear completely.

3.49? What kind of rhetorical device is used here? 【L47-49】

steer my ship 是隱喻 (metaphor), “駕駛著自己的航船” 未來像航海一樣，充滿未知性，杰斐遜不但不懼怕，而且對未來充滿希望， 表現(xiàn)了其樂觀和一往無前的精神。

3.50? What can we infer from the sentence? 【L54-56】

Many of the devices Jefferson invented are still remembered — a machine for copying important papers, an instrument that indicates the weather both indoors and outdoors, a rotating desk, to name only a few.

3.51? Translate the sentence into Chinese. 【L54-56】

?

?

?

4.1? Useful Expressions

1.從書本中獲取知識

?

11.力量的源泉

?

2.親自作調(diào)查

?

12.毫不猶豫

?

3.做現(xiàn)場觀察

?

13.有效地采取行動

?

4.研究有關(guān)某一問題

的文件

?

14.被無用的習(xí)俗束縛住手

腳

?

5.社會階層

?

15.滿懷希望地

?

6.發(fā)號施令

?

16.把恐懼拋在后面

?

7.出生卑微的人

?

17.存在

?

8.燒飯鍋

?

18.不知疲倦的作家

?

9.判斷真理與謬誤的

頭腦

?

19.一切人生來平等

?

10.認(rèn)真思考的

?

20.一份豐富的思想遺產(chǎn)

?

?

4.2? Spot Dictation (Directions:???? Listen to the following passage and fill in the missing words.)

From the West Lawn, Thomas Jefferson, family, and guests could walk up the??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? on the West Portico to reach the Parlor, one of three rooms in Monticello that were part of

?

Jefferson’s

????????????? plan for the home in 1769. The Parlor was a public room, ????????????? for

?

conversation, music, games, and reading.

Jefferson wrote that music “furnishes a delightful??????????? for the hours of respite from the cares of the day, and lasts us through life.” The Parlor was the ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? for many of these hours of “delightful recreation.” Jefferson himself played the??? , and his wife, daughters, and

?

?

granddaughters played several?? ????????????? , including the piano, harpsichord (大鍵琴), and guitar. Jefferson’s namesake grandson, Thomas Jefferson Randolph, recalled that before his grandfather

?

“l(fā)ost his

????????????? for the violin, he would play on it, having his children dancing around him. ”

?

4.3? Word Completion (Directions: Supply the missing letters according to the definitions on the right.)

1.?? P???????????????

done in person; belonging to a person

2.?? O??????????????

parentage; birth; beginning

3.?? D????????????????

fail to satisfy; displease

4.?? H????????????????

feel doubtful; be undecided

5.?? C??????????????

unfavorable remarks or judgments

6.?? R????????????????

say; comment

7.?? T??????????????

special natural ability

8.?? A????????????????

the yearly return of a special date

?

4.4? Text Review (Directions:???? Find the evidence from the text to fill in the following chart.)

a well-known statesman

????????????? of the United States

a writer

1) The Declaration of ???????????????

2)?? ? complete works ? of?? ????????????? volumes

a ???????????????

philosophical instructions, ideas

an educator

1) ???????????? reform 2)university founder

3) American education owes a great deal to him

4) father of the ? University of ???????????????

an ???????????????

influential figure

an expert in agriculture

1) ???????????????????????????

2) soil ???????????????

an inventor

????????????? for daily uses

?

4.5? Debate?????? (Directions:? Prepare and debate by taking the following steps.) Step 1???????? ?Form teams

Make teams of four people. Half of the teams will take the side of Group A and the other half Group B.

Step 2???????? Have a pre-debate discussion

Prepare your arguments and supporting facts of the information discussed. Step 3??? Hold the debate

The debate begins between the two teams having contrary views. It will go on until one side fails to respond.

?

?

?

?

4.6? Writing Practice–Developing a Paragraph from the Topic Sentence

A brief introduction.

More often than not, one sentence in a paragraph tells the reader exactly what the subject of the paragraph is and thus gives the main idea. This main idea sentence is called a topic sentence or topic statement. The topic sentence states briefly an idea whose full meaning and significance are developed by the supporting details. The ways to develop a paragraph can be found in the following chart.

?

WAY

SAMPLE

Definition

“Honesty is the best polity” is a well-known proverb, but it is not so easy for everyone to keep (Topic

sentence). Honesty means fairness and uprightness in our words and deeds (Supporting sentence 1). It is also regarded as a ? very important virtue in our social behavior (Supporting sentence 2).

Classification

There are three groups of oils: animal, vegetable and mineral. (Topic sentence)

Great quantities of animals come from whales. To protect the ? whale…(Supporting sentence 1) Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity. No ? household can get on ... (Supporting sentence 2) Mineral oil is used to drive tanks, airplanes ? and warships, motor-cars ? and…(Supporting sentence 3)

Example

It is often said that ? differences between people can be ? caused by the different times when the ? people were born (Topic sentence).

For example, people who were born between March 21 and April 20 are supposed to be active,

daring, and strong…(Supporting sentence)

Narration

Nearly all American students in colleges and universities ? pay for their education (Topic sentence). There are many costs. First of all, there is tuition. At some schools, the tuition is very ? high, ten thousand dollars a year or more.

At other schools, it may only be a few hundred dollars a ? year. At some community colleges, ? tuition is free…(Supporting sentence 1) There are other costs as ? well (Supporting sentence 2). Many students ? leave their homes to go … Finally, students must buy textbooks for their ? courses. Going to

college…(Supporting sentence 3)

Comparison and Contrast

Good manners are important in all countries, but ways of expressing good manners are different ? from country to country (Topic ? sentence). Americans eat with knives and forks; Japanese eat with chopsticks (Supporting sentence 1). Americans say “Hi” when they meet; ? Japanese bow (Supporting sentence 2). Many American men open doors for women; Japanese men do not

(Supporting sentence 3).

?

Cause????????????? and Effect

Recently, people’s ideas about how to spend their holidays have changed a lot. It seems that people ? are becoming more and more active, and they want to explore the entertainment ? offered by the outside world. There are several reasons why people have ? changed their minds about holidays (Topic sentence). With the growth of economy, people possess more money enough for them to find enjoyment in ? holidays (Supporting sentence 1). And more ? people work more intensively ? and

have less time to relax…(Supporting sentence 2)

Process

Once you encounter a person who has stopped breathing, ? you should begin immediately to do mouth-to-mouth breathing (Topic sentence). First, place the victim on his back and remove any foreign matter from his mouth with your fingers. Then tilt his head backwards… Next, pull his mouth

open and his jaw forward,… then…(Supporting sentences)

?

Homework

(Directions: Prepare a 3-min oral speech by using the following topic sentence and supporting details.)

Topic Sentence： Owing a private car has many advantages.

Supporting details:

1. be convenient???? 2. save a lot of time???? 3. enjoy the leisure time???? 4. not rely on public transportation

Sample:

Owing a private car has many advantages. The greatest advantage of all is that the car gives its owners more convenience and saves them a lot of time, enables them to go where they please. People can cover long distances by car rapidly and comfortably. Thus, it is possible for them to enjoy the leisure time by making trips to the country or seaside during the two-day weekends and on holidays. In addition they are no longer forced to rely on public transportation and waste their time in waiting for buses or trains.

?

4.7? Proverbs and Quotations

1.? Genuine knowledge comes from practice. 實踐出真知。

2.? The more you study, the more you will find yourself ignorant. 學(xué), 然后知不足。

3.? You never know what you can do till you try.???? — Frederick Marryat, British novelist

除非你親自嘗試一下，否則你永遠不知道你能夠做什么。 — 英國小說家 F. 馬里亞特

4.? If you would have a thing well done, you would have a thing well done, you must do it yourself.

— Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, American poet

如果要將事情做好，就得親自動手。???? —— 美國詩人 H. W. 朗費羅

5.? Only a nation of educated people could remain free. — Thomas Jefferson, American President

只有由受過教育的人民組成的國家才能保持自由。—— 美國總統(tǒng) T. 杰斐遜