長難句分析

P1

第一步，斷開（依靠標(biāo)點(diǎn)和連接詞來定位從句，都沒有的話就分析主謂，記得確認(rèn)每個(gè)從句里謂語動(dòng)詞數(shù)量，定位準(zhǔn)確后先看主句）

第二步，簡化：去修飾（如形容詞，副詞，介詞短語），找核心 （S主 V謂 O賓 C補(bǔ) P表）

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P2

Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago.

現(xiàn)在，國家最高專利法院似乎已經(jīng)完全準(zhǔn)備好縮減商業(yè)方法專利，自10年前首次授權(quán)以來，這些專利一直備受爭議。

生詞：patent 專利權(quán)；scale back縮減；controversial有爭議的

主句：patent court(S) appears(V) ready(P) to scale back(C) 專利法庭似乎已準(zhǔn)備好縮減

on business-method patents 修飾scale back 在商業(yè)辦法專利方面

Now時(shí)間狀語 the nation's top定語修飾主語

which have been controversial 一直以來有爭議的，就近修飾business-method patents

ever since引導(dǎo)的部分修飾controversial

擴(kuò)展：authorize 授權(quán) realize 使…成真 recognize辨認(rèn)出 organize組織 critisize批評(píng) summarize總結(jié)

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P3

Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets.

對(duì)商業(yè)方法主張的限制將是一個(gè)戲劇性的改變，因?yàn)檎锹?lián)邦巡回法院自己在1998年所謂的道富銀行案中引入了這類專利，批準(zhǔn)了一項(xiàng)關(guān)于共同基金資產(chǎn)集合方式的專利。

生詞：curb限制；about-face轉(zhuǎn)變；Federal Circuit聯(lián)邦巡回法庭；mutual-fund共同基金；pooling聚集

主句：Curbs on business-method claims(S)would be(V) a dramatic about-face(O)

從句：it was...that:典型強(qiáng)調(diào)句，句中強(qiáng)調(diào):聯(lián)邦政府(從句主語)它自己，引入這些專利.

with its 1998 decision, 補(bǔ)充說明patents，伴隨著1998年的決議；

in the so-called... 修飾decision決議，在所謂的道富銀行案中；

, approving... (逗號(hào)+doing 非謂語動(dòng)詞修飾整個(gè)句子的標(biāo)志）修飾聯(lián)邦政府干嘛了，批準(zhǔn)了一項(xiàng)關(guān)于共同基金資產(chǎn)集合方式的專利。

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P4

The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its State Street Bank ruling.

聯(lián)邦巡回法院發(fā)布了一項(xiàng)不同尋常的命令，稱該案將由法院的所有12名法官審理，而不是由三名法官組成的典型小組審理，它想評(píng)估的一個(gè)問題是是否應(yīng)該“重新考慮”其州街銀行的裁決。

生詞：panel of three三人小組；evaluate評(píng)價(jià)，評(píng)估；

主句：The Federal Circuit(S) issued(V) an unusual order(O)

stating,因?yàn)橹骶湟恢饕恢^都有了，所以多余動(dòng)詞state就要變非謂語動(dòng)詞，就近修飾order(主動(dòng)陳述...的order，...就是后面的that從句)

and表并列(并列成分，詞性相同，形式一致)。and that...從句跟前面的that從句并列，兩個(gè)并列的賓語從句接著非謂語動(dòng)詞stating.

第二個(gè)從句中，wants / is / should "reconsider"(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原型)，三個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞，繼續(xù)斷開。

whether前面部分， one issue(S) it(S) wants(V) to evaluate is(V)

主主謂謂結(jié)構(gòu)，中間的一對(duì)主謂是(定語)從句（it wants to evaluate）修飾one issue

whether在is后面，引導(dǎo)的系表結(jié)構(gòu)，表語從句

本句三個(gè)難點(diǎn)：

①平行結(jié)構(gòu)，通過and并列連詞，連接兩個(gè)that賓語從句；

②嵌套結(jié)構(gòu)，在第二個(gè)從句中還嵌套了兩個(gè)小從句(通過判斷謂語動(dòng)詞數(shù)量，知道是三件事)；

③分裂結(jié)構(gòu): , rather than... 兩個(gè)逗號(hào)間的插入語，表強(qiáng)調(diào)，造成句子分裂。

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P5

In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that "social epidemics" are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected.

在《引爆點(diǎn)》一書中，馬爾科姆·格拉德韋爾（Malcolm Gladwell）認(rèn)為，“社會(huì)流行病”在很大程度上是由極少數(shù)特殊個(gè)人的行為所驅(qū)動(dòng)的，這些人通常被稱為有影響力的人，他們見多識(shí)廣、有說服力或人脈廣泛。

生詞：epidemics流行趨勢；influentials有影響力的人；informed見多識(shí)廣的；persuasive有說服力的；well connected人脈廣的

主句：In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues

從句：

①argues that 動(dòng)+賓，賓語從句。句中 "social epidemics" are driven為主謂："社會(huì)流行潮"被驅(qū)動(dòng);

in large part很大程度上，修飾driven驅(qū)動(dòng)

by 跟著are driven(被動(dòng)語態(tài)）強(qiáng)調(diào)被誰驅(qū)動(dòng)：the actions行動(dòng)；

什么行動(dòng)？后面的of a tiny minority of special individuals極少數(shù)特殊個(gè)人的行動(dòng)

often called influentials非謂語動(dòng)詞意群，修飾逗號(hào)前

②influentials, who 名+who，定語從句(加個(gè)逗號(hào)，非限制，額外說明influentials：他們見多識(shí)廣、有說服力或人脈廣泛。)

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P6

For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.

然而，要發(fā)生社會(huì)流行病，每個(gè)受影響的人都必須影響自己的熟人，而熟人又必須影響他們的熟人，依此類推；而其他人關(guān)注這些人的數(shù)量與最初的有影響力的人關(guān)系不大。

生詞：affected受影響的；acquaintances熟人；in turn依次,反過來；has little(nothing) to do with(sb.) 與...沒什么(任何)關(guān)系

主句：For(引導(dǎo)目的)a social epidemic to occur, however(表轉(zhuǎn)折), each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances，

從句：who引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾acquaintances,;

and引出并列句(中間含有兩個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞:pay和has)，中間又包含一個(gè)how引出的主語從句，作主語(這個(gè)句子結(jié)束于第二個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞has之前)；

has little to do with the initial influential修飾 many others

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P7

They found that the principal requirement for what is called "global cascades" - the widespread propagation of influence through networks - is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.

他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，所謂的“全球級(jí)聯(lián)”——通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)廣泛傳播影響力——的主要要求不是少數(shù)有影響力的人，而是關(guān)鍵數(shù)量的易受影響的人的存在。

生詞：principal首要的；cascade瀑布流；propagation傳播；presence存在；critical至關(guān)重要的；mass一大群

①分裂結(jié)構(gòu)：句中兩個(gè)破折號(hào)很顯眼，它們中間部分是插入語，額外補(bǔ)充說明；(也會(huì)用兩個(gè)逗號(hào)或者括號(hào), 成對(duì)標(biāo)點(diǎn),如后面的，rather，也是插入語)，分析句子時(shí)，先不看插入語，讓句子連貫。

插入語：作用是解釋說明或突出強(qiáng)調(diào)，位置是插入句子當(dāng)中；

主句：They found

從句：that the principal requirement for賓語從句；

②嵌套結(jié)構(gòu)：此時(shí)出現(xiàn)what 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，修飾requirement，for what...介賓結(jié)構(gòu)；

插入語后is...就是接前面that賓語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞；

is the presence not of a few influentials不是一些有影響力的人的存在，倒著翻譯，A of B 也就是 B的A；

③平行結(jié)構(gòu)：not...but...不是...而是...，并列連詞詞組；引導(dǎo)了兩個(gè)of...介詞短語平行并列。

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The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong.

國際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則理事會(huì)表示，它不想在沒有全面規(guī)劃的情況下采取行動(dòng)，但在今年晚些時(shí)候完成規(guī)則重建時(shí)，它面臨著巨大的壓力。

生詞：overall planning全面規(guī)劃；the pressure to fold讓...屈服的壓力；reconstruction重建

主句： The IASB says it does not want...主謂主謂，前面 The IASB says就是主句，后面是賓語從句，跟says組成動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)；這個(gè)斷開的方法就是分析主謂；

從句：when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong里面有兩個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞：completes和is；所以when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句結(jié)束于is前面。

而but the pressure to fold is strong是主句，時(shí)間狀語從句位置在句首，句中，句尾都是可以的。

此句兩個(gè)難點(diǎn)：①通過分析主謂來斷開；②通過連接詞和找出謂語動(dòng)詞來斷開

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9

The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, at Sotheby's in London on September 15rh 2008.

2008年9月15日，達(dá)米安·赫斯特（Damien Hirst）在倫敦蘇富比拍賣行（Sotheby’s）拍賣了56幅作品《我的腦海中美麗永恒》（Beautiful Inside My Head Forever），這是藝術(shù)市場歷史上一個(gè)世紀(jì)以來最長的牛市，以戲劇性的方式結(jié)束。

生詞：bull牛市 bull market；run態(tài)勢；dramatic戲劇性的；

主句：bull run ended牛市結(jié)束了

從句：其他全是修飾的介詞短語或限定詞，本質(zhì)是個(gè)S+V簡單句。

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10

But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.

但市場產(chǎn)生的利益遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了它的規(guī)模，因?yàn)樗鼌R集了巨大的財(cái)富、巨大的自我、貪婪、激情和爭議，這是其他行業(yè)無法比擬的。

生詞：generate產(chǎn)生；interest利益；enormous egos越來越膨脹的自我；matched相稱的，比得上；

主句：But the market(主) generates(謂) interest(賓) far beyond its size(介詞短語，補(bǔ)充說明interest利益遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過它的規(guī)模)

從句：because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句， great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy長的意群，bring了這些。

怎樣bring的？in a way...以...方式，matched過去式修飾way，被匹配的，by few other industries.幾乎沒有行業(yè)能與之匹敵

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11

Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell.

幾乎每一位接受本次特別報(bào)道采訪的人都表示，目前最大的問題不是需求不足，而是缺乏好的作品可供銷售。

生詞：interview采訪

主句：Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said， Almost everyone said是主謂，who...引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾everyone。

從句：that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，跟在said后面。從句中not...but...不是...而是... 平行結(jié)構(gòu)

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12

This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home.

這段情節(jié)體現(xiàn)了一個(gè)諷刺，即盡管美國男性在公共場合往往比女性多說話，但他們?cè)诩依飬s經(jīng)常少說話。

生詞：episode一段情節(jié)；crystallize使...具體化；irony諷刺

主句：This episode crystallizes the irony

從句：that although 兩個(gè)連接詞，一個(gè)從句剛開始，另一個(gè)從句又來了，嵌套結(jié)構(gòu)。that從句里嵌套了although從句.

that引導(dǎo)的是同位語從句，針對(duì)irony諷刺進(jìn)行解釋說明；

為什么是同位語從句？that引導(dǎo)的從句they often talk less at home中不缺任何成分。

although引導(dǎo)的是讓步狀語從句，明讓步 暗轉(zhuǎn)折：盡管...但...

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13

In short, the image that best represents that current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.

簡而言之，最能代表當(dāng)前危機(jī)的形象是一個(gè)典型的卡通場景：一個(gè)男人坐在早餐桌前，面前舉著一張報(bào)紙，而一個(gè)女人則怒視著報(bào)紙的背面，想要說話。

生詞：in short簡而言之；represent代表；stereotypical典型的，刻板的；glare at瞪著，怒視

主句：the image is the cartoon scene是核心主干，其他的介詞短語，形容詞和非謂語動(dòng)詞全是非核心的修飾部分。

從句：that best represents that current crisis定語從句，形容修飾image，什么樣的image形象；

, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.時(shí)間狀語從句，wanting和to talk都是非謂語動(dòng)詞，謂語動(dòng)詞只有g(shù)lare

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14

The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to — Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever — had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers' lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.

柯蒂斯博士求助的公司——寶潔公司、高露潔棕欖公司和聯(lián)合利華公司——投入了數(shù)億美元，尋找消費(fèi)者生活中的微妙線索，公司可以利用這些線索來引入新的套路。

生詞：turn to求助于；subtle微妙的；cue提示，線索；introduce new routines引入新的慣例

兩個(gè)破折號(hào)之間是插入語，分裂結(jié)構(gòu)，先不看這部分。

兩個(gè)that是連接詞，整句中謂語動(dòng)詞有：turned, had invested(過去完成時(shí)態(tài)是個(gè)整體), could use(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原型也是個(gè)整體)

主句：The companies had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers' lives S+V+O+OC

從句：①that Dr. Curtis turned to定語從句就近修飾companies；

②that corporations could use to introduce new routines.定語從句修飾cues線索

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15

Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law.

許多美國人將陪審團(tuán)制度視為關(guān)鍵民主價(jià)值觀的具體體現(xiàn)，包括所有符合最低年齡和文化水平的公民都有同等資格擔(dān)任陪審團(tuán)的原則；陪審員應(yīng)從社區(qū)中具有代表性的群體中隨機(jī)選出；任何公民都不應(yīng)因種族、宗教、性別或民族出身而被剝奪擔(dān)任陪審團(tuán)成員的權(quán)利；被告有權(quán)接受同齡人的審判；判決應(yīng)該代表社會(huì)的良知，而不僅僅是法律的文字。

生詞：regard...as...把...認(rèn)作為...；jury system陪審團(tuán)制度；concrete expression具體表達(dá)；crucial關(guān)鍵的；meet符合,滿足；minimal最低的,最小的；literacy讀寫能力, 文化水平；(be) competent (to do sth.)有能力的；on account of因?yàn)? 由于；defendant被告；be entitled to do sth.有資格去做；trial審判；peer同等的人；verdict審判；conscience of the community社會(huì)的良知

主句：Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values

從句：多個(gè)that從句，由；鏈接，典型的平行結(jié)構(gòu)。平行結(jié)構(gòu)也叫并列結(jié)構(gòu)，多個(gè)成分并列，合為整體；可以是詞，詞組或從句。

各個(gè)成分需要詞性相同，形式一致；并且需要由并列連詞連接，如and，但是多個(gè)并列成分出現(xiàn)時(shí)，并列連詞可以省略，只保留最后一個(gè)and。

本句由于太長，已經(jīng)有多個(gè)逗號(hào)，所以各個(gè)并列成分之間采用分號(hào)連接，以作區(qū)別。

句中五個(gè)that同位語從句都是對(duì)the principles的解釋說明, 是哪五大原則

第一個(gè)從句that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries;中還包含了who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾citizens，結(jié)束于第二個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞are前面，翻譯時(shí)先看主干；

第二個(gè)從句that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community;randomly后面連著三個(gè)介詞短語作修飾，要注意；

第三個(gè)從句that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex or national origin;里面要注意be denied the right是被剝奪權(quán)利

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Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.

盡管早在1880年的Strauder訴西弗吉尼亞州案中，美國最高法院就禁止了陪審團(tuán)選擇中的故意種族歧視，但選擇所謂精英或藍(lán)絲帶陪審團(tuán)的做法為規(guī)避這一法律和其他反歧視法律提供了一種方便的方式。

生詞：prohibit禁止；intentioal故意的,蓄意的；racial discrimination種族歧視；case案件；v.對(duì)陣 versus vs.；practice慣例,做法；around this繞開,規(guī)避

注意，斷開時(shí)如果標(biāo)點(diǎn)或連接詞所連接的前后部分不是句子，就不能斷開。

主句：去掉介詞短語和形容詞，主干為：the practice provided a way

從句：Although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，明讓步暗轉(zhuǎn)折，翻譯為盡管...但...; 這個(gè)從句去掉形容詞和介詞短語，主干為：Although the Supreme Court had prohibited discrimination.