星戰(zhàn)謠言辟謠:星戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)斗機空戰(zhàn)為何采用狗斗?
在B站上看見不是一回兩回了,每逢涉及星戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)斗機空戰(zhàn)的視頻彈幕和評論區(qū)幾乎必然會有人吐槽為何依然是采用更考驗飛行員技術的一二戰(zhàn)式的視距內(nèi)狗斗,而非像現(xiàn)代戰(zhàn)機一樣使用空空導彈在中遠距離進行超視距打擊,隨即便衍生出了“星戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)機制導技術不行”“星戰(zhàn)觀瞄技術落后不如現(xiàn)代”“現(xiàn)代戰(zhàn)機吊打星戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)機”等奇葩言論。那么事實真的是如此嗎?有人予以反駁,認為星戰(zhàn)本身是太空歌劇,不需要遵循現(xiàn)實的軍事常識,盧卡斯及其同事從二戰(zhàn)空戰(zhàn)影像汲取靈感設計空戰(zhàn)場景,狗斗比超視距作戰(zhàn)更容易吸引觀眾,沒必要較真。僅從場外角度看這種觀點不無道理,也符合現(xiàn)實情況;但星戰(zhàn)作為一個發(fā)展了四十多年的大IP,產(chǎn)生的衍生作品不計其數(shù),卻未能對一個從77年第一部電影上映時就形成的問題做出世界觀內(nèi)的合理解釋未免過于滑稽。那么眾多星戰(zhàn)作品真的在辨析“戰(zhàn)斗機不使用導彈作為主要武器”問題的方面毫無線索嗎?答案是否定的。
一、定向能武器的優(yōu)點與導彈的反制手段
首先我們查詢伍基百科上對于“導彈”這一武器的詞條,可以在新正史詞條中發(fā)現(xiàn)如下信息:
Missile weapons were considered a complement to?blasters?and other energy weapons because of their unique characteristics.
由于其獨特的特性,導彈武器被認為是爆能和其他能量武器的補充。
However, missiles were much easier to dodge than blasters and were vulnerable to being shot down.——Star Wars Complete Vehicles, New Edition
然而,導彈比爆能更容易躲避,而且很容易被擊落?!缎乔虼髴?zhàn):完全載具圖解(新編)》
Missiles were also vulnerable to a number of?electronic countermeasures?such as?sensor jammers,?seeker warheads,?chaff, and?sensor inverters.——Star Wars: Squadrons
導彈也容易受到許多電子對抗措施的攻擊,例如傳感器干擾器、自動導引彈頭、箔條和傳感器逆變器?!缎乔虼髴?zhàn):戰(zhàn)機中隊》
從詞條中我們可以得知導彈是作為機載能量武器的補充而存在的,未能成為主要武器的原因在于比能量武器更易于攔截,同時也容易遭到電子戰(zhàn)攻擊。那么我們來看看其他星戰(zhàn)作品,是否有更多佐證。

2013年出版的《完全載具圖解》中提及激光炮和渦輪激光炮能量束的彈速是光速,很明顯導彈的飛行速度達不到光速,而飛船在實空間中的飛行速度最多只能達到亞光速(新正史小說《雷穆斯》除外),更何況戰(zhàn)斗時基本也不會開到那么快,這意味著敵方目標只要完全出現(xiàn)在瞄準計算機的準星中,激光炮就必定能命中目標。因此在相同的射程內(nèi),能量武器的命中率要優(yōu)于導彈。同時,因為單架戰(zhàn)斗機可攜帶的制導武器數(shù)量有限,能量武器在備彈量上也會占據(jù)優(yōu)勢。
The?Victory I-class Star Destroyer?was well known for its battery of concussion missiles, but newer capital ships like the?Imperial-class Star Destroyer?replaced them with?ion cannons?because missiles were expensive and could only be carried in limited numbers. Some were equipped with multiple lock-on systems.
勝利I級殲星艦以其震蕩導彈發(fā)射架組而聞名,但像帝國級殲星艦這樣的新型主力艦用離子炮取代了它們,因為導彈價格昂貴且攜帶數(shù)量有限。有些配備了多個鎖定系統(tǒng)。(舊正史)
導彈的成本更高,導致軍隊更愿意采用技術成熟而廉價的能量武器。

在導彈反制方面,攔截飛行速度低于光速的目標顯然比攔截飛行速度達到光速的目標要更容易,星戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)斗機也會使用與現(xiàn)代戰(zhàn)斗機類似的攔截手段(舊正史):
Warhead countermeasures?were self-defense mechanisms employed on various small?spacecraft?such as?starfighters?and?light?freighters, designed to protect the ship against incoming?warheads. They came in at least three varieties:?antimissile missiles,?chaff, and?flares.——Star Wars: X-Wing Alliance
彈頭反制措施是星際戰(zhàn)斗機和輕型貨船等各種小型飛船采用的自衛(wèi)機制,旨在保護飛船免受來襲彈頭的攻擊。它們至少分為三種:反導導彈、箔條和照明彈。——《星球大戰(zhàn):X翼 同盟》
The?chaff?countermeasure?was a means of protection against?warheads?commonly mounted on small spacecraft. Deployed from the ship's aft, a chaff burst caused a scattering of particles designed to confuse a warhead's guidance system, detonating the warhead prematurely and thus protecting the ship itself.
箔條反制措施是一種防止通常安裝在小型飛船上的彈頭的手段。從船尾部署的箔條爆炸會導致粒子散射,這些粒子旨在混淆彈頭的制導系統(tǒng),從而過早引爆彈頭,保護飛船本身。
A?flare?was a pyrotechnic device that either functioned as a?warhead countermeasure?on a?starship, or as a?signal flare?to transmit a priority message if communications were not functioning.
Countermeasure flares were anti-warhead?defense mechanisms used by small spacecraft. They consisted of a supply of small, inexpensive low-yield warheads whose targeting systems were designed to home in on incoming warheads and detonate them before they posed a threat to the ship itself. If no incoming warheads were detected, the flare would instead home in on the nearest enemy starfighter, though not powerful enough to cause significant damage, it was useful as brief distraction. While less accurate, and therefore less reliable, than the?chaff?type, the flare was more versatile.
照明彈是一種煙火裝置,既可以作為飛船上的彈頭反制裝置,也可以作為信號彈在通信無法正常工作時傳輸優(yōu)先信息。
反制照明彈是小型飛船使用的反彈頭防御機制。它們由小型、廉價的低當量彈頭組成,其瞄準系統(tǒng)旨在鎖定來襲彈頭,并在它們對飛船本身構(gòu)成威脅之前將其引爆。如果沒有檢測到來襲彈頭,照明彈就會轉(zhuǎn)向最近的敵方星際戰(zhàn)斗機,雖然威力不足以造成重大傷害,但它可以短暫的分散注意力。雖然不如箔條型那樣準確,因此也不太可靠,但照明彈的用途更廣。
Some X-wings were equipped with decoy and carbon-fiber chaff mines that could be fired in dogfight situations. The decoys would broadcast a sensor signature similar to the X-wing, confusing enemy scanners. The carbon-fiber chaff mines would create dangerous clouds of sensor-opaque debris that could damage pursuing vehicles or prematurely detonate incoming warheads.——Databank
有些X翼配備了誘餌雷和碳纖維屑雷,可以在纏斗時發(fā)射。誘餌雷會播發(fā)類似X翼的傳感特征,迷惑敵方掃描器。碳纖維屑雷會制造危險的傳感遲鈍碎片云,能破壞追擊的飛船或提前引爆來襲的彈頭?!狣atabank
由此可見星戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)斗機不僅可以使用多種設備干擾來襲導彈,也可以使用專門的反導導彈來攔截導彈,而現(xiàn)代戰(zhàn)斗機除了一些特殊的方式,仍然沒有很有效的對空空導彈進行攔截的手段。

Electronic countermeasures, otherwise known as?ECM, was an electronic system designed to fool?sensors?into reading wrong or no information. The?CIS?utilized this system during the?Battle of Coruscant. It was also used during the?Battle of Endor?by?Death Squadron.
電子對抗,也稱為ECM,是一種電子系統(tǒng),旨在欺騙傳感器讀取錯誤信息或不讀取信息。CIS在科洛桑戰(zhàn)役期間使用了這種系統(tǒng)。它也被死亡分艦隊在恩多戰(zhàn)役中使用。(舊正史)

帝國TIE戰(zhàn)斗機飛行員瓦爾科·格雷駭入新共和國X翼飛行員發(fā)射的導彈。

出自《完全載具圖解》(2013)
所有戰(zhàn)斗機都會使用大功率干擾信號。
A?sensor jammer?was a type of?jammer?capable of blocking or fooling?sensors. Powerful generators flooded areas with static and random signals, effectively overwhelming and confusing local sensors.?Starships?using sensor jammers could conceal their exact location using a sensor jammer, but the downside was that the vessel also broadcast its general location. Sensor jammers were indiscriminate and fouled the sensors of friends and foes alike.——The Star Wars Sourcebook
This could effectively cause a?ship?to go unnoticed by any possible observers, and also to prevent an attacker from gaining a weapons lock on the ship.
The size and power behind a sensor jammer determined the strength of the jamming signal and the affected area. For example, the?A-wing's?4X-Phantom short-range sensor jammer?could jam the sensors and communications of other?starfighters, but the sensors carried by larger?capital ships?would be able to burn through the jamming signal. An?Imperial-class Star Destroyer?meanwhile could broadcast a jamming signal powerful enough to block out all scanner and communication channels system-wide, forcing their opponents to rely on visual sensors and hand-held communicators.
傳感器干擾器是一種能夠阻擋或欺騙傳感器的干擾器。強大的發(fā)生器用靜態(tài)和隨機信號淹沒區(qū)域,有效地淹沒和混淆了本地傳感器。使用傳感器干擾器的星際飛船可以使用傳感器干擾器隱藏它們的確切位置,但缺點是該飛船還會廣播其大致位置。傳感器干擾器不分青紅皂白地干擾友軍和敵人的傳感器?!缎乔虼髴?zhàn)資料集》
這可以有效地使一艘飛船不被任何可能的觀察者注意到,也可以防止攻擊者用武器鎖定飛船 。
傳感器干擾器背后的尺寸和功率決定了干擾信號的強度和受影響的區(qū)域。例如,A 翼的4X-“鬼怪”短程傳感器干擾器可以干擾其他星際戰(zhàn)斗機的傳感器和通信,但大型主力艦攜帶的傳感器將能夠穿透干擾信號。同時,一艘帝國級殲星艦可以廣播干擾信號,其強度足以封鎖全星系的所有掃描器和通信通道,迫使對手依賴視覺傳感器和手持通信器。(舊正史)
傳感器干擾器可以影響不同范圍區(qū)域內(nèi)的傳感器,迫使敵人進行視距內(nèi)作戰(zhàn)。

There were several means available to starfighters for spotting enemy craft: electronic?sensors, visual scanners, and visual contact. If a fighter's electronic scanners were jammed by an opposing force, the pilot could instead switch to visual scanners, which were essentially video cameras with telescopic lenses which allowed a pilot to spot incoming craft long before they could be seen by the naked eye. Such sensors were impossible to jam save for the employment of?cloaking devices, which were rarely if ever used in such engagements. Most engagements took place at ranges that permitted pilots to actually see their opponents with their own unaided eyes; this was referred to as visual contact.——The Rebel Alliance Sourcebook
星際戰(zhàn)斗機有幾種方法可以用來發(fā)現(xiàn)敵機:電子傳感器、視覺掃描器和視覺接觸。如果戰(zhàn)斗機的電子掃描器被敵對力量干擾,飛行員可以改用視覺掃描器,這種掃描器本質(zhì)上是帶有伸縮鏡頭的攝像機,可以讓飛行員在肉眼看到飛行器之前很久就發(fā)現(xiàn)它們。除了使用隱形設備外,此類傳感器不可能被干擾,而在此類交戰(zhàn)中很少使用隱形設備。大多數(shù)交戰(zhàn)發(fā)生在允許飛行員用肉眼實際看到對手的范圍內(nèi);這被稱為視覺接觸?!读x軍同盟手冊》
The?IFF Confuser?was a?starship?countermeasure system used in lieu of modifications to a ship's?Identify Friend or Foe system. Launched into the midst of a battle, the Confuser would broadcast a signal which scrambled the IFF systems of nearby starships and causing ships within its effected radius to be unable to identify friend from foe.
IFF混淆器是一種星際飛船對抗系統(tǒng),用于代替對飛船的敵我識別系統(tǒng)進行修改。在戰(zhàn)斗中發(fā)射時,混淆器會廣播一個信號,擾亂附近星際飛船的敵我識別系統(tǒng),導致其影響半徑內(nèi)的飛船無法識別敵友。(舊正史)
與現(xiàn)代戰(zhàn)爭相同,星戰(zhàn)世界觀的戰(zhàn)爭中也會出現(xiàn)頻繁的高強度電子對抗,絕不是一般路人/云黑所說的不存在電子戰(zhàn)的情況。

令人感到驚詫的是,除了使用電子對抗和實體彈藥干擾來襲導彈外,反應速度比現(xiàn)實人類更快的星戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)斗機飛行員也可以在瞄準計算機的協(xié)助下使用激光炮來摧毀導彈,而現(xiàn)實中受限于導彈的高速度、航空機炮射程和人類的反應速度,戰(zhàn)斗機飛行員是幾乎不可能使用機炮實現(xiàn)對導彈的攔截的。

現(xiàn)實人類的極限反應速度為200毫秒,而星戰(zhàn)人類經(jīng)過專業(yè)訓練后的反應速度可達到數(shù)毫秒,比現(xiàn)實人類的極限反應速度快出了幾十倍,然而在沒有計算機輔助的情況下想要操控火炮擊中導彈依然是一件極其困難的事情。
Many starfighters were equipped with?deflector shields?to protect them from enemy fire,?radiation, and micrometeor impacts. Typically they carried a single?deflector shield generator, which could be adjusted to protect specific parts of the starfighter.?Some starfighters though, notably the?Eta-2 Actis-class light interceptor?and?TIE/ln space superiority starfighter?series, were not equipped with shields, relying instead on their maneuverability and the pilot's skills to avoid these dangers.Other common forms of protection included heavy armor plating and?sensor jammers.?Starfighters were equipped with warning systems to let them know when an enemy missile was locked on to them, and could also use their laser cannons to shoot these down, even against missiles traveling at incomprehensible speeds, so long as their?targeting computer?was functional.
許多星際戰(zhàn)斗機都配備了偏導護盾,以保護它們免受敵人的火力、輻射和微流星的影響。通常他們攜帶一個偏導護盾發(fā)生器,可以對其進行調(diào)整以保護星際戰(zhàn)斗機的特定部件。不過,一些星際戰(zhàn)斗機,特別是埃塔-2“阿克蒂斯級”輕型截擊機和TIE/ln太空優(yōu)勢星際戰(zhàn)斗機系列,沒有配備護盾,而是依靠它們的機動性和飛行員的技能來避免這些危險。其他常見的保護形式包括重型裝甲板和傳感器干擾器。星際戰(zhàn)斗機配備了警告系統(tǒng),可以讓他們知道敵方導彈何時鎖定在他們身上,并且還可以使用激光炮將其擊落,即使是針對以難以理解的速度飛行的導彈,只要他們的瞄準計算機可以正常工作。(新正史)
閃電穿過大氣層呼嘯而至,將暴火機器人劈成碎片。LAAT/i的球形炮塔精確地回擊,使來襲導彈紛紛化成爆炸的火球,它們綻開帶著濃煙的碎片,任由成群的炮艇從中飛馳而過?!缎乔虼髴?zhàn):西斯的復仇》(小說)

面對被瓦爾科·格雷駭入后向自己飛來的導彈,X翼飛行員開火將其擊毀。

二、導彈與戰(zhàn)斗機過載能力的差距
導彈能否命中戰(zhàn)斗機的關鍵在于導彈過載能力必須相較于目標戰(zhàn)機足夠強大,否則目標戰(zhàn)機就可以憑借機動擺脫導彈。

星戰(zhàn)電影時期的導彈過載能力最高可以超過10000G,這是一個非常驚人的數(shù)據(jù),現(xiàn)代的空空導彈過載能力普遍在30G——50G左右,新型號最高也不會超過70G。

看到這里一些人可能會產(chǎn)生疑問:既然星戰(zhàn)世界觀的導彈過載能力這么牛叉打戰(zhàn)斗機不應該嘎嘎亂殺?現(xiàn)實里即便是先進的第四代、第五代戰(zhàn)斗機,機動過載最多也只有9G,而現(xiàn)代空空導彈過載能力動輒30G起步,數(shù)倍于戰(zhàn)斗機,戰(zhàn)斗機被擊落的概率超過九成,更遑論躲避過載能力超過10000G的導彈了。那么這放在星戰(zhàn)世界觀中是否成立呢?我們先來看看下面一組數(shù)據(jù):

從列表中我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)一個普遍規(guī)律,接戰(zhàn)目標想要擺脫導彈并不需要在機動性上超越導彈(這也不現(xiàn)實,血肉不可能比機器更能抵抗載荷),只需要過載能力超過導彈最大可用G值的1/3——1/4便能擺脫導彈。規(guī)律同樣可以適用于星戰(zhàn)導彈,這意味著過載能力10000G的星戰(zhàn)導彈的實際效能往往只能發(fā)揮出3300G——2500G,那么星戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)斗機的過載能力如何呢?以正傳電影中最經(jīng)典的兩款戰(zhàn)斗機為例:


可以看出X翼和TIE標準的過載能力分別達到了3700G和4100G,都要高于導彈實際效能所發(fā)揮出的3300G——2500G,這代表即便在干擾手段用盡的情況下,戰(zhàn)斗機飛行員依然有不小的概率可以將戰(zhàn)斗機過載能力提升到極限,通過超高難度的機動來擺脫導彈。導彈在機動過載上的優(yōu)勢幾乎不存在。
有人或許會產(chǎn)生新的疑問:就算戰(zhàn)斗機機身強度可以承受這么大的過載,飛行員自身也承受不住極高強度的載荷啊?的確,現(xiàn)實里戰(zhàn)斗機飛行員只能在很短時間內(nèi)承受9G的過載,否則就會陷入昏迷甚至死亡,但星戰(zhàn)世界觀內(nèi)的飛船普遍配置有慣性補償器(inertial compensator),使乘員能夠在數(shù)千G加速度的影響下安然無恙,這足以支持飛行員駕駛戰(zhàn)斗機進行現(xiàn)實中難以想象的恐怖機動。
A starfighter's primary means of propulsion were?sublight engines?which allowed it to get clear of a planet's atmosphere and gravitation field in a matter of minutes and cross vast distances of?realspace.?Though small, these sublight drives were capable of accelerating starfighters at thousands of times standard?gravity.?To protect their pilots from being killed by the G-force generated by sublight drives, starfighters were equipped with?acceleration compensators.These compensators were designed to automatically adjust their settings during flight, but if this function became disabled a pilot could find themselves subject to potentially dangerous g-forces.
星際戰(zhàn)斗機的主要推進手段是亞光速引擎,它可以在幾分鐘內(nèi)飛離行星的大氣層和引力場,穿越遙遠的實空間。雖然很小,但這些亞光速驅(qū)動器能夠在數(shù)千倍標準重力下加速星際戰(zhàn)斗機。為了保護飛行員不被亞光速驅(qū)動器產(chǎn)生的G力殺死,星際戰(zhàn)斗機配備了加速度補償器。這些補償器旨在在飛行過程中自動調(diào)整其設置,但如果禁用此功能,飛行員可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)自己受到潛在危險的重力作用。

總結(jié):星戰(zhàn)世界觀內(nèi)的戰(zhàn)斗機空戰(zhàn)采用狗斗形式是世界觀內(nèi)的多種原因共同造成的,盡管導彈的射程和破壞力比一般機載能量武器更優(yōu),但備彈量的限制、高昂的成本、比能量武器在同射程內(nèi)的命中率更低、更易于干擾和攔截的特性以及導彈無法在與戰(zhàn)斗機過載能力的競爭中占據(jù)壓倒性優(yōu)勢的境遇決定了導彈只能成為戰(zhàn)斗機輔助武器的地位。
當然這個結(jié)論并非是絕對的,更像是攻防技術動態(tài)平衡的結(jié)果,帝國同樣開發(fā)過主要使用更高級的震蕩導彈為打擊手段的帝國導彈艇,在空戰(zhàn)中取得了良好的戰(zhàn)果,可惜由于帝國的崩潰最終淹沒在了歷史洪流中。