As schools reopen, how can pupils make up for lost time?

隨著學(xué)校重新開學(xué)，學(xué)生們?nèi)绾螐浹a(bǔ)失去的時(shí)間?

The hard-up find it hardest

窮人發(fā)現(xiàn)這是最難的

詞匯

hard-up/缺錢，手頭緊

Jul 18th 2020 |

LAST YEAR Kiana Jones took a summer job at a trampoline park, supervising birthday parties and keeping an eye out for overzealous bouncers. This season Ms Jones, an undergraduate in Tennessee, is spending seven weeks in a community centre drilling children in reading and maths. She is one of around 600 locals swiftly assembled by the Tennessee Tutoring Corps, a charity set up in May by a former state governor to help children who have missed months of school. It will pay each tutor $1,000, more than many had expected to make during a summer overshadowed by the pandemic.

去年，奇安娜·瓊斯(Kiana Jones)在一個(gè)蹦床公園做了一份暑期工作，負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)督生日派對(duì)，并密切關(guān)注那些過分熱情的保鏢。這個(gè)季節(jié)，瓊斯女士，田納西州的一名大學(xué)生，將在一個(gè)社區(qū)中心花七個(gè)星期的時(shí)間訓(xùn)練孩子們閱讀和數(shù)學(xué)。她是田納西州輔導(dǎo)團(tuán)(Tennessee Tutoring Corps)迅速召集的約600名當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裰械囊粏T。這個(gè)慈善組織是由一位前州長(zhǎng)于今年5月成立的，旨在幫助數(shù)月未上學(xué)的孩子們。該組織將向每位導(dǎo)師支付1000美元，這一數(shù)字超過了許多人在疫情籠罩下的夏季的預(yù)期收入。

詞匯

Trampoline/蹦床；彈簧墊

Overzealous/過分熱心的

Bouncer/保鏢

The efforts of those such as Ms Jones are a rare bright spot in America’s scholastic landscape. The government has largely failed to control the pandemic. Schools have largely stayed closed. President Donald Trump and Betsy DeVos, the education secretary, have threatened to defund schools that refuse to reopen. Those that do welcome back children in the autumn may have to rely on rota systems that allow pupils to attend in person only part-time.

像瓊斯女士這樣的人的努力是美國(guó)學(xué)術(shù)界少有的亮點(diǎn)。政府在很大程度上未能控制住疫情。學(xué)校大部分仍處于關(guān)閉狀態(tài)。美國(guó)總統(tǒng)唐納德·特朗普(Donald Trump)和教育部長(zhǎng)貝特西·德沃斯(Betsy DeVos)威脅要取消對(duì)拒絕復(fù)課的學(xué)校的資助。那些在秋季歡迎返校學(xué)生的學(xué)?？赡懿坏貌灰揽枯啺嘀贫?，這種制度允許學(xué)生在業(yè)余時(shí)間親自上學(xué)。

詞匯

rota system/輪值表系統(tǒng)

pupil/?學(xué)生；未成年人

In other parts of the rich world, however, children are already coming back. In countries such as France, Denmark and New Zealand social-distancing rules have been relaxed to allow most children to return to classes every day. Schoolchildren in England will return full-time from September, the British government says. But getting children back into classrooms is only the first step in repairing the damage the pandemic has done to their learning. Educators must now work out how to make up for lost time.

然而，在其他發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，孩子們已經(jīng)回國(guó)了。在法國(guó)、丹麥和新西蘭等國(guó)家，社交距離規(guī)定已經(jīng)放寬，允許大多數(shù)孩子每天重返課堂。英國(guó)政府表示，英國(guó)的學(xué)齡兒童將從9月份開始全日返校。但是，讓孩子們重返教室只是修復(fù)疫情對(duì)他們學(xué)習(xí)造成的破壞的第一步。教育工作者現(xiàn)在必須想辦法彌補(bǔ)失去的時(shí)間。

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The challenge is huge. Lessons from the year now ending remain untaught. When children spend any significant time out of school (including normal summer holidays), they tend to forget some of what they have already learnt. Analysts at NWEA, an American test-provider, reckon that by autumn some children will be a year behind in maths.

但教育人員人面臨巨大挑戰(zhàn)。從今年開始到現(xiàn)在結(jié)束的課程仍然未進(jìn)行教學(xué)。當(dāng)孩子們長(zhǎng)時(shí)間不在學(xué)校時(shí)(包括正常的暑假)，他們往往會(huì)忘記一些已經(jīng)學(xué)過的東西。一家美國(guó)考試機(jī)構(gòu)NWEA的分析師估計(jì)，到秋天，一些孩子的數(shù)學(xué)成績(jī)將落后一年。

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Poor children will suffer most. Many were some way behind their peers before the pandemic. Some American classrooms included pupils whose true learning levels spanned seven grades, according to NWEA. This gap has only widened as children have missed months of school, making teachers’ jobs even harder.

貧窮的孩子將遭受最大的痛苦。在大流行之前，許多人都落后于同行。NWEA稱，一些美國(guó)教室里的學(xué)生，其真正學(xué)習(xí)水平跨越了7個(gè)年級(jí)。隨著孩子們?nèi)闭n數(shù)月，這一差距進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大，使得教師的工作更加困難。

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Guidance produced by UNESCO and McKinsey, a consultancy, identifies three types of catch-up strategies. Schools can give children more time. They can adjust their curriculums. Or they can try to improve the quality of their instruction. The greatest success will probably come from a combination of all three.

聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織和咨詢公司麥肯錫(McKinsey)發(fā)布的指南指出了三種追趕戰(zhàn)略。學(xué)?？梢越o孩子更多的時(shí)間。他們可以調(diào)整他們的課程?；蛘咚麄兛梢耘μ岣呓虒W(xué)質(zhì)量。最大的成功可能來自三者的結(jié)合。

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Some countries have already tinkered with timetables. Singapore pulled forward its month-long annual recess—usually in June—to May, when the country’s lockdown was already keeping schools shut. In some parts of Vietnam schools have crunched the usual three-month break down to a few weeks.

一些國(guó)家已經(jīng)在修改時(shí)間表。新加坡將其長(zhǎng)達(dá)一個(gè)月的年度休假(通常在6月)提前到5月，而此時(shí)該國(guó)的封鎖措施已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致學(xué)校停課。在越南的一些地方，學(xué)校已經(jīng)把通常的三個(gè)月的假期壓縮到了幾個(gè)星期。

詞匯

Tinker/（徒勞地或馬虎地）小修補(bǔ)；笨手笨腳地做事

Others are expanding existing summer programmes. New York City is requiring about 100,000 students to enroll in online summer schools, twice as many as last year. The difficulty is that children often fail to turn up to real summer schools frequently enough to benefit from them. It is even harder to ensure they attend lessons conducted online.

其他一些學(xué)校正在擴(kuò)大現(xiàn)有的暑期課程。紐約市要求大約10萬名學(xué)生注冊(cè)參加在線暑期學(xué)校，是去年的兩倍。困難在于，孩子們經(jīng)常不能足夠頻繁地真正的參加暑期學(xué)校教學(xué)，從而無法從中受益。要確保他們參加在線課程就更難了。

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Squeezing curriculums to create more time for the most important subjects is less painful than it sounds. Andreas Schleicher of the OECD, a club of mostly rich countries, says that politicians have long found it easy to add fashionable new topics but more difficult to take things away. As a result, he continues, syllabuses have become “a mile wide but only an inch deep”. David Steiner of Johns Hopkins University says much of American pupils’ time is wasted on material that is less challenging than it should be.

擠占課程，為最重要的學(xué)科騰出更多時(shí)間，并沒有聽起來那么痛苦。經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織的Andreas Schleicher說，政客們?cè)缇桶l(fā)現(xiàn)，增加時(shí)髦的新專題很容易，但要取消話題就更難了。因此，他繼續(xù)說，教學(xué)大綱變得“一英里寬，但只有一英寸深”。約翰·霍普金斯大學(xué)的大衛(wèi)·斯坦納說，美國(guó)學(xué)生的大部分時(shí)間都浪費(fèi)在了缺乏挑戰(zhàn)性的材料上。

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Experts are most enthusiastic about using tutors to help children catch up. The British government has put aside ￡350m ($439m) to launch a national tutoring programme in September. Schools can use existing organisations or hire graduates who would work full time. They can top this up with money from another pot of ￡650m that schools can use for any remediation strategies they deem helpful. The Dutch government has earmarked €244m ($277m) for a similar programme. It plans to enlist trainee teachers to help bring struggling learners up to scratch.

專家們最熱衷于使用家教來幫助孩子們趕上進(jìn)度。英國(guó)政府已經(jīng)撥出3.5億英鎊(4.39億美元)在9月份啟動(dòng)了一項(xiàng)全國(guó)輔導(dǎo)計(jì)劃。學(xué)?？梢岳矛F(xiàn)有的組織或聘用全職工作的畢業(yè)生。他們還可以從另外一筆6.5億英鎊的資金中追加這筆資金，學(xué)?？梢允褂萌魏嗡麄冋J(rèn)為有用的補(bǔ)救策略。荷蘭政府已經(jīng)為一個(gè)類似的項(xiàng)目預(yù)留了2.44億歐元(合2.77億美元)。它計(jì)劃招募實(shí)習(xí)教師來幫助有困難的學(xué)習(xí)者達(dá)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

詞匯

Remediation/ ?補(bǔ)救；矯正；補(bǔ)習(xí)

Trainee/練習(xí)生，實(shí)習(xí)生

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Robert Slavin, director of the Centre for Research and Reform in Education at Johns Hopkins University, would like America to mount a federally funded tutoring programme. Trained graduates could be deployed in teams to each American school, beginning with those whose students have been worst affected by the closures. They could teach pupils one-to-one or in small groups. A few American politicians like the idea but the government has shown no interest in doing anything on this scale. Tutoring jobs would be welcomed by graduates entering a terrible market, reckons Matthew Kraft of Brown University. Getting large numbers of graduates to work as tutors might help to reduce teacher shortages by encouraging more youngsters to consider teaching as a career.

約翰·霍普金斯大學(xué)教育研究與改革中心主任羅伯特·斯萊文希望美國(guó)能發(fā)起一個(gè)由聯(lián)邦資助的輔導(dǎo)項(xiàng)目。訓(xùn)練有素的畢業(yè)生可以組隊(duì)到每一所美國(guó)學(xué)校，從那些學(xué)生受封鎖影響最嚴(yán)重的學(xué)校開始。他們可以一對(duì)一或小組教學(xué)。一些美國(guó)政客喜歡這個(gè)想法，但政府對(duì)這么大規(guī)模的行動(dòng)毫無興趣。布朗大學(xué)的馬修?克拉夫特(Matthew Kraft)認(rèn)為，在一個(gè)糟糕的市場(chǎng)下，輔導(dǎo)工作將受到畢業(yè)生的歡迎。通過鼓勵(lì)更多的年輕人考慮以教書為職業(yè)，讓大量的畢業(yè)生擔(dān)任家教可能有助于減少教師短缺。

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Schools will have to work hard to ensure that everyone gets the help they need. A survey carried out in early May by the Institute for Fiscal Studies, a British think-tank, found that poorer parents were less inclined than rich ones to send their children back to school as soon as it is allowed. An American poll found that black and Hispanic parents are much less likely than white ones to consider classrooms safe.

學(xué)校必須努力確保每個(gè)人都能得到他們需要的幫助。英國(guó)智庫財(cái)政研究所在5月初進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，與富裕家庭相比，一旦學(xué)校允許，貧困家庭的父母更不愿意把孩子送回學(xué)校。一項(xiàng)美國(guó)民意調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，與白人家長(zhǎng)相比，黑人和西班牙裔家長(zhǎng)更不可能認(rèn)為教室是安全的。

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Ultimately no child will learn anything “unless they feel psychologically and emotionally safe”, says Pasi Sahlberg of the University of New South Wales in Australia. When schools reopen, he reckons, they will need to provide children with counselling and time to play as they adjust to their return. Tute Porter-Samuels, a primary-school teacher in New Zealand, says that when her school in Wellington reopened it devoted two weeks to music and art.

澳大利亞新南威爾士大學(xué)（University of New South Wales）的Pasi Sahlberg說，最終，“除非他們?cè)谛睦砗颓楦猩细械桨踩?，否則學(xué)生根本上學(xué)不進(jìn)任何東西。他認(rèn)為，當(dāng)學(xué)校重新開學(xué)時(shí)，他們需要為孩子們提供咨詢和玩耍的時(shí)間，以適應(yīng)他們的回歸。Tute Porter-Samuels是新西蘭的一名小學(xué)教師，她說當(dāng)她的學(xué)校在惠靈頓重新開學(xué)時(shí)，學(xué)校花了兩個(gè)星期的時(shí)間來學(xué)習(xí)音樂和藝術(shù)。

Still, there are grounds for optimism. Home schooling has introduced parents to the horrors of trying to educate their children while holding down a job. But it has also made parents more sympathetic to teachers, says Odile Cordelier, a teacher in the French city of Dijon.

盡管如此，仍有樂觀的理由。家庭教育讓父母?jìng)兿萑肓艘贿吂ぷ饕贿吔逃⒆拥目謶种?。但法?guó)第戎市的一名教師Odile Cordelier說，這也讓家長(zhǎng)們更加同情老師。

Distance-learning, despite its glitches, has made teachers more familiar with technology. Recessions may force governments to trim school budgets but they may also get some new blood into the teaching profession. In Britain applications to teacher-training programmes surged in May and June. A recent study found that teachers in Florida who started their careers in downturns were better at raising test scores than those who did not. Schools will need all the help they can get.

盡管遠(yuǎn)程教育存在一些問題，但它使教師們對(duì)技術(shù)更加熟悉。經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退可能迫使政府削減學(xué)校預(yù)算，但也可能為教學(xué)行業(yè)注入一些新鮮血液。在英國(guó)，教師培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目的申請(qǐng)?jiān)?月和6月猛增。最近的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退時(shí)期開始職業(yè)生涯的佛羅里達(dá)教師比那些沒有這樣做的教師在提高考試成績(jī)方面做得更好。學(xué)校將需要所有他們能得到的幫助。

詞匯

Glitch/小故障；失靈