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原網(wǎng)址：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patroclus

Patroclus帕特克洛斯

帕特克洛斯（希臘語中意為來自父親的榮耀）來自希臘傳說，被記載在荷馬史詩《伊利亞特》中，是墨諾提俄斯之子（譯注：希臘神話二代泰坦神，普羅米修斯的兄弟），阿克托爾之孫，歐普斯之王。

Life and death生卒事跡

According to Hyginus, Patroclus is the child of Menoetius and Philomela.Homer also references Menoetius as the individual who gave Patroclus to Peleus. Menoetius is the son of Actor, King of Opus in Locris by Aegina.Aegina was a daughter of Asopus and mother of Aeacus by Zeus. Aeacus was father of Peleus, Telamon and Phocus. Actor was a son of Deioneus, King of Phocis and Diomede. His paternal grandparents were Aeolus of Thessaly and Enarete. His maternal grandparents were Xuthus and Creusa, daughter of Erechtheus and Praxithea.

根據(jù)希吉努斯（2世紀(jì)希臘神話學(xué)家）的記載，帕特克洛斯是墨諾提俄斯和菲洛梅拉（雅典公主）的孩子。荷馬也特別提到了把帕特克洛斯交給珀琉斯的墨諾提俄斯。墨諾提俄斯是阿克托爾和埃吉娜的兒子，是坐落于洛克里斯的歐普斯的國(guó)王。埃吉娜是阿索波斯（河神）的女兒，她和宙斯生下了埃阿克斯。埃阿克斯是珀琉斯、忒拉蒙和?？扑沟母赣H。阿克托爾是德伊俄紐斯的兒子，?；购偷蠆W米德之王。他父親的祖父母是塞薩利的埃爾羅斯（風(fēng)神）和伊娜瑞特（風(fēng)神的妻子）。

During his childhood, Patroclus had killed another child in anger over a game. Menoetius gave Patroclus to Peleus, Achilles' father, who named Patroclus one of Achilles' "henchmen" as Patroclus and Achilles grew up together. Patroclus acted as a male role model for Achilles, as he was both older than Achilles and wise regarding counsel.

在帕特克洛斯的童年的一次游戲中，憤怒的帕特克洛斯殺死了另一個(gè)孩子。墨諾提俄斯把帕特克洛斯托付給阿喀琉斯的父親珀琉斯，那個(gè)讓帕特克洛斯和阿喀琉斯一起長(zhǎng)大，并使帕特克洛斯成為阿喀琉斯親信的人。帕特克洛斯是阿喀琉斯的男性榜樣，他比阿喀琉斯年長(zhǎng)，并且有極好的律法知識(shí)。

According to the Iliad, when the tide of war had turned against the Greeks and the Trojans were threatening their ships, Patroclus convinced Achilles to let him lead the Myrmidons into combat. Achilles consented, giving Patroclus the armor Achilles had received from his father, in order for Patroclus to impersonate Achilles. Achilles then told Patroclus to return after beating the Trojans back from their ships.Patroclus defied Achilles' order and pursued the Trojans back to the gates of Troy. Patroclus killed many Trojans, including a son of Zeus, Sarpedon. While fighting, Patroclus' wits were removed by Apollo, after which Patroclus was hit with the spear of Euphorbos. Hector then killed Patroclus by stabbing him in the stomach with a spear.

按照《伊利亞特》的敘述，當(dāng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)走向白熾化，特洛伊的軍隊(duì)逼近希臘聯(lián)軍的船只時(shí)，帕特克洛斯說服阿喀琉斯同意自己帶領(lǐng)父親的軍隊(duì)出戰(zhàn)。阿喀琉斯同意了，并將自己繼承于父親的鎧甲給予帕特克洛斯，讓帕特克洛斯可以假扮成自己。阿喀琉斯告誡帕特克洛斯，將特洛伊軍隊(duì)趕出他們的戰(zhàn)船后就收兵。帕特克洛斯沒有聽從阿喀琉斯的命令，而是追擊到了特洛伊城墻下。帕特克洛斯殺死了許多特洛伊人，包括宙斯之子薩耳珀冬。在戰(zhàn)斗中，阿波羅蒙蔽了帕特克洛斯智慧的雙眼，歐福耳玻斯隨后用矛刺中了帕特克洛斯。而后帕特克洛斯被赫克托爾用矛刺穿腹部而死。

Achilles retrieved his body, which had been stripped of armor by Hector and protected on the battlefield by Menelaus and Ajax.Achilles did not allow the burial of Patroclus' body until the ghost of Patroclus appeared and demanded his burial in order to pass into Hades.Patroclus was then cremated on a funeral pyre, which was covered in the hair of his sorrowful companions. As the cutting of hair was a sign of grief while also acting as a sign of the separation of the living and the dead, this points to how well-liked Patroclus had been. The ashes of Achilles were said to have been buried in a golden urn along with those of Patroclus by the Hellespont.

阿喀琉斯找回了他的尸首，赫克托爾剝光了他的鎧甲，而墨涅拉俄斯和埃阿斯保證了帕特克洛斯的尸體沒有被破壞。阿喀琉斯不允許埋葬帕特克洛斯，直到帕特克洛斯的靈魂出現(xiàn)并要求下葬使得自己可以前往冥府。帕特克洛斯在火柴堆上火化了，身上覆蓋著悲傷的同伴的頭發(fā)。剪掉頭發(fā)是一種悲痛的象征，也象征著生者和死者的別離，這也說明了帕特克洛斯生前有多受喜愛。據(jù)說阿喀琉斯和帕特克洛斯的骨灰用一個(gè)金色的骨灰甕合葬于赫勒斯滂（譯注：今達(dá)達(dá)尼爾海峽）。

Relationship with Achilles和阿喀琉斯的關(guān)系

Main article: Achilles and Patroclus

主要作品：阿喀琉斯和帕特克洛斯

Although Homer does not mention it, there is debate whether or not Achilles and Patroclus had a homosexual relationship. Morales and Mariscal point out that there are several other authors who do draw a romantic connection between the two characters, such as Aeschylus and Phaedrus, who even refers to Achilles as the eromenos. Morales and Mariscal continue stating, "there is a polemical tradition concerning the nature of the relationship between the two heroes".According to Grace Ledbetter, there is a train of thought that Patroclus could have been a representation of the compassionate side of Achilles, who was known for his rage, mentioned in the first line of Homer's Iliad. In contradiction to Morales and Mariscal putting Achilles in the role of the younger male, Ledbetter connects the way that Achilles and his mother Thetis communicate to the communication between Achilles and Patroclus. Ledbetter does so by comparing how Thetis comforts the weeping Achilles in Book 1 of the Iliad to how Achilles comforts Patroclus as he weeps in Book 16. Achilles uses a simile containing a young girl tearfully looking at her mother to complete the comparison. Ledbetter believes this puts Patroclus into a subordinate role to that of Achilles.

即使荷馬沒有提到，但人們依然為了阿喀琉斯和帕特克洛斯的同性之愛爭(zhēng)論不休。莫拉萊斯和馬里斯卡爾指出，其他的幾位希臘劇作家描繪了這兩人之間的浪漫關(guān)系，比如埃斯庫羅斯和斐德羅筆下將阿喀琉斯稱為“被愛者”（譯注：eromenos來源于希臘語，實(shí)際寫為er?menos，與erastês愛者相對(duì)，翻譯為被愛者。）莫拉萊斯和馬里斯卡爾又說：“這兩位英雄之間的關(guān)系，是一個(gè)古老的爭(zhēng)論傳統(tǒng)?！卑凑崭窭俳z·萊德貝特的說法，另一種主流觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為帕特克洛斯表現(xiàn)了阿喀琉斯憐憫慈悲的一面，阿喀琉斯的憤怒被荷馬記載在《伊利亞特》的第一行。與莫拉萊斯和馬里斯卡爾的矛盾中，阿喀琉斯是一個(gè)年輕男性的形象，阿喀琉斯很好地連接了自己和帕特克洛斯與自己母親忒提斯之間的溝通交流。萊德貝特這樣認(rèn)為是因?yàn)椋罕容^了忒提斯在第一章安慰哭泣的阿喀琉斯和阿喀琉斯在第十六章安慰哭泣的帕特克洛斯的劇情。阿喀琉斯用了一個(gè)明顯的暗喻：一個(gè)女孩滿眼含淚的看著自己的母親。萊德貝特相信這一點(diǎn)表明了帕特克洛斯是阿喀琉斯的從屬角色。

James Hooker describes the literary reasons for Patroclus' character within the Iliad. He states that another character could have filled the role of confidant for Achilles, and that it was only through Patroclus that we have a worthy reason for Achilles' wrath. Hooker claims that without the death of Patroclus, an event that weighed heavily upon him, Achilles' following act of compliance to fight would have disrupted the balance of the Iliad. Hooker describes the necessity of Patroclus sharing a deep affection with Achilles within the Iliad. According to his theory, this affection allows for the even deeper tragedy that occurs. Hooker argues that the greater the love, the greater the loss. Hooker continues to negate Ledbetter's theory that Patroclus is in some way a surrogate for Achilles; rather, Hooker views Patroclus' character as a counterpart to that of Achilles. Hooker reminds us that it is Patroclus who pushes the Trojans back, which Hooker claims makes Patroclus a hero, as well as foreshadowing what Achilles is to do.

詹姆斯·胡克認(rèn)為《伊利亞特》對(duì)帕特克洛斯的形象塑造有一定的文學(xué)因素。他認(rèn)為，另塑造一個(gè)角色是為了填補(bǔ)阿克琉斯知己的位置，并有一個(gè)足夠的理由引起阿喀琉斯的憤怒（譯注：伊利亞特全詩以阿喀琉斯的兩次憤怒作為線索）。胡克宣稱：如果沒有帕特克洛斯之死這一沉重打擊，阿喀琉斯退避而非戰(zhàn)斗的行為將徹底打亂《伊利亞特》的平衡。胡克描述了在《伊利亞特》中阿喀琉斯對(duì)帕特克洛斯的深厚感情的必要性。根據(jù)他的理論，這種情感導(dǎo)致了更為深層的悲劇。在胡克看來，愛越深，失去越痛苦。胡克并不認(rèn)同萊德貝特所說帕特克洛斯是阿喀琉斯的性格某一面的觀點(diǎn)，相反，胡克認(rèn)為，帕特克洛斯和阿喀琉斯的性格互相對(duì)應(yīng)。胡克提醒到，正是帕特克洛斯擊敗了特洛伊人，這種說法即塑造了帕特克洛斯的英雄形象，同時(shí)也預(yù)示著阿喀琉斯的選擇。

Achilles and Patroclus grew up together after Menoitios gave Patroclus to Achilles' father, Peleus. During this time, Peleus named Patroclus one of Achilles' "henchmen".

在墨涅拉俄斯將帕特克洛斯交給阿喀琉斯父親珀琉斯之后，阿喀琉斯和帕特克洛斯一起長(zhǎng)大。在這段時(shí)間中，珀琉斯將帕特克洛斯稱為阿喀琉斯的追隨者。

While Homer's Iliad never once explicitly stated that Achilles and his close friend Patroclus were lovers, this concept was asserted by some later authors. Aeschines asserts that there was no need to explicitly state the relationship as a romantic one, for such "is manifest to such of his hearers as are educated men."Later Greek writings such as Plato's Symposium, the relationship between Patroclus and Achilles is discussed as a model of romantic love.However, Xenophon, in his Symposium, had Socrates argue that it was inaccurate to label their relationship as romantic. Nevertheless, their relationship is said to have inspired Alexander the Great in his close relationship with his companion Hephaestion. After Patroclus killed Clysonymus, Patroclus and his father fled to Peleus palace. Patroclus then grew up with Achilles. Their relationship was so strong that it was as if they were more than brothers. However, Achilles was much younger than Patroclus. This reinforces Dowden's explanation of the relationship between an eromenos, a youth in transition, and an erastes, an older male although having recently made the same transition. Dowden also notes the common occurrence of such relationships as a form of initiation.

盡管荷馬從未在《伊利亞特》中明確指出阿喀琉斯和他最親近的朋友帕特克洛斯之間是戀人，但這一觀點(diǎn)被后來的一些作家所承認(rèn)。埃斯基涅斯（注：古雅典政治家）斷言，沒有必要特意把兩人的關(guān)系描述為一種浪漫關(guān)系，這就好比“故事的聽眾都是受過教育的公民”一樣正常。后來的古希臘著作柏拉圖對(duì)話錄《會(huì)飲篇》中，將阿喀琉斯和帕特克洛斯作為浪漫愛情的典范來討論。然而，在色諾芬（注：古希臘雅典城邦的軍人、歷史學(xué)家、隨筆作家）的《饗宴》中，蘇格拉底認(rèn)同把兩人的關(guān)系貼上浪漫的標(biāo)簽是不準(zhǔn)確的。盡管如此，阿喀琉斯和帕特克洛斯的關(guān)系仍然激發(fā)了后來亞歷山大大帝和他最信賴的赫菲斯蒂安的親密關(guān)系。在帕特克洛斯殺死科里森姆斯之后，帕特克洛斯和父親一起逃往珀琉斯的領(lǐng)地。帕特克洛斯和阿喀琉斯一起長(zhǎng)大。他們之間的關(guān)系比親兄弟還要親密。然而，阿喀琉斯比帕特克洛斯年輕許多。這從一個(gè)方面證實(shí)了道登對(duì)這段關(guān)系的解釋，一個(gè)處于青春期的男孩作為被愛者，一個(gè)年長(zhǎng)的男性作為愛者，年長(zhǎng)者也經(jīng)歷過青春期。道登還備注到，當(dāng)時(shí)這種關(guān)系是普遍而廣泛存在的，這兩人并不是開端。

References參考文獻(xiàn)

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Further reading拓展閱讀

Evslin, Bernard (2006). Gods, Demigods and Demons. London, ENG: I. Tauris.

《神明，半神和惡魔》伯納德·艾維斯林著。英國(guó)倫敦:I.B.Tauris期刊出版社,2006.

Michelakis, Pantelis (2007). Achilles in Greek Tragedy. Cambridge, ENG: Cambridge University Press.

《希臘悲劇中的阿喀琉斯》潘泰利斯·米哈拉基斯著。英國(guó)劍橋：劍橋大學(xué)出版社，2007.

Kerenyi, Karl (1959). The Heroes of the Greeks. London, ENG: Thames and Hudson. pp. 57–61, et passim.

《希臘英雄》卡爾·凱倫依著。英國(guó)倫敦：泰晤士和哈德森出版社，57-61頁，1959.

Sergent, Bernard (1986). Homosexuality in Greek Myth. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

《希臘傳說中的同性戀》伯納德中士著。美國(guó)波士頓：燈塔出版社，1986.

Miller, Madeline (2011). The Song of Achilles. London, ENG: Bloomsbury.

《阿喀琉斯之歌》瑪?shù)铝铡っ桌罩?。英?guó)倫敦：布倫斯出版社，2011.

External links超鏈接

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